Assessing English as a Lingua Franca

Sahar ilkhani
• "Englishes" stands for the functional and formal variation in language and its international
acculturation, e.g. in the West Africa, South Africa, East Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia,
West Indies, Philippines and Traditionally English-speaking countries: United States, United
Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Language now belongs to people use it as
their first language and for those who use it as an additional language, whether in standard
form or in localized form. (Kachru 1992)
The Kachru's model is in a dynamic nature. According to Kachru (1985), dividing English
speakers into Inner, Outer and Expanding circles is preferable to the traditional native, ESL
and EFL labels which involve the dichotomy between native and nonnative speakers
(Rajadurai, 2005). English native speakers are visually not privileged since they are not placed
at the top of the Three-circle Model. However, the model is not sufficiently dynamic to reflect
the reality of English use in the world. It still prefers the English native speakers in the inner
circle.
• The Three-circle Model of World Englishes was developed by Kachru in 1985 and it
remains one of the most influential models for grouping the varieties of English in the world
• Kachru (1985) described the spread of English in terms of three concentric circles: the Inner
Circle, the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle.
• Three circles
• The inner circle
• Outer circle
•
• These circles represent "the type of spread, the patterns of acquisition and the functional
domains in which English is used across cultures and languages" (Kachru, 1985, p.12).
• The varieties of English used here are said to be 'norm providing'.
• The verities of English used in inner circle is known as norm providing
• The inner circle
• The inner circle:In the Kachru's Three-circle Model, the Inner Circle Kachru's model refers
to the traditional bases of English, dominated by the mother-tongue varieties, where English
acts as a first language .The countries involved in the Inner Circle include the USA, the UK,
Canada, Australia and New Zealand
• The outer circle:The Outer Circle consists of the earlier phases of the spread of English in
non-native settings, where the language has become part of a country's chief institutions, and
plays an important 'second language' role in a multilingual setting.
• The expending circle:The Expanding Circle refers to the territories where English is learnt as
a foreign language. The territories do not have a history of colonization by members of the
Inner Circle and institutional or social role. English is taught asa 'foreign' language as the
most useful vehicle of international communication.
• The countries in the Expanding Circle include China, Japan, Greece and Poland (Crsytal,
1997). The English used in the Expanding Circle is regarded as 'norm dependent'
• English as a lingua franca refers to English used as the language of communication between
speakers of different first languages, by choice or by some sort of coercion. English as a
lingua franca (now ELF) has the highest number of English users around the world, most of
them are not native speakers.(Jenkins and Leung 2017)
• It is "a 'language of communication' between people who do not share a common mother
tongue as well as a common (national) culture, and for whom English is the foreign
language of choice for communication”(Firth 1996)
• THE traditional meaning of EIL thus includes the use of English in and through Kachru's
"circles", for domestic and international exchange Communicate (Seidlhofer 2005)
• There are three possible interpretations of the phrase World Englishes. First, it serves as a
"umbrella label" that covers all of the world's English and the different approaches used to
describe and analyze them. Second, it is used in a narrower sense to refer to the so-called
New English in Africa, Asia and the Caribbean (the outer circle of Kachru). (Bolton 2004)
• Language or dialect learned as a second language what other speakers say has no effect it
automatically becomes a common language, only if the latter diversified linguistically
Population groups use this second language between themselves (e.g.Jura, Ivory Coast).
Wide range of applications May lead to the introduction of a common language as a mother
tongue, this is an example of to change language or reduce communication between each
other Ethnic bilingualism and eventual death competing languages. (Speaker from engineer
Related Gubaya languages ​in the central area Observed use in the African Republic Pidgin
Sango, not her mother tongue.(Samarin 1987)
• Three-circle model of Kakuruvian. It consists of an inner circle, an outer circle and an
expanding circle (e.g.B.B. Kachru, 1992) provides a foundation for understanding how
English is used. Various locations around the world. First, the inner circle consists of
"traditional" English. In countries that speak languages ​such as the United Kingdom,
America, and Australia, English is spoken everywhere and is spoken primarily by the
majority of the population. Language (L1). Second, the outer circle consists mostly of post-
colonial countries. English is used as a second language (L2) in various educational and
administrative tasks Purpose (e.g. India, Kenya, Nigeria, and Singapore). The circle that
spreads before long gathers In countries such as China where English is the predominant
language for international communication, Egypt, Germany, Japan, Russia, etc. (Ishikawa
2016)
• THE END
• Sahar Ilkhani