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Pump School - Basic Pump Theory
Pump School - Basic Pump Theory
• Introduction to Grundfos
• Basic pump theory
• Q&A
• Lunch
• Market and application introduction:
• Industry products
• Application areas
• Cases
• Q&A
Different types of centrifugal pumps
Single-stage
m3
Effects of reducing speed
Q1 x (n2/n1) = Q2
4
2 x (1450/2900) = 1 m³/h
n2= 1450 rpm
H1 x (n2/n1)2 = H2
4 x (1450/2900)2 = 1 m 1
P1 x (n2/n1)3 = P2
1 x (1450/2900)3 = 0,125 kW P2
1
0,125
1 2 Q
Pump curve
PH
ηP
P2
Power formula
Where ;
PH is the hydraulic power in Watt
P
P = PH / P2
Efficiency curve
Pumps connected in parallel - Equal sized pumps
Pumps connected in parallel - Equal sized pumps
"Steep"
A. pipe characteristics
Not suitable
Q
Pumps connected in parallel - Different sized pumps
Pumps connected in series - Equal sized pumps
Pumps connected in series - Equal sized pumps
"Steep"
A. pipe characteristics
Suitable
B.
Q
Pumps connected in series - Different sized pumps
Closed system
Open system with positive geodetic head
Open system with negative geodetic head
Adaptation of
Pump Performance to
Actual Duty Point
Bypass control
Bypass control
Throttle control
Throttle control
Throttle
control
Δh = valve loss
P2 in duty point
is 76,6 kW
Modifying impeller diameter
2 2 4
Qn D H D P D η
n ; n n ; n n ; n 1
Qx Dx Hx DX Px Dx ηx
Modifying impeller diameter
2 2 4
Qn D H D P D η
n ; n n ; n n ; n 1
Qx Dx Hx DX Px Dx ηx
Modifying
impeller
diameter
Speed control
2 3
Qn nn Hn nn Pn nn ηn
; ; ; 1
Q x n x Hx n x Px n x η x
Speed control
2 3
Qn nn Hn nn Pn nn ηn
; ; ; 1
Q x nx Hx nx Px n x η x
Effects of variable speed
Q1 x (n2/n1) = Q2
10
25 x (1450/2900) = 12,5
n2= 1450 rpm
H1 x (n2/n1)2 = H2
10 x (1450/2900)2 = 2,5 2,5
P1 x (n2/n1)3 = P2
1,2 x (1450/2900)3 = 0,15 P2
1,2
0,15
12,5 25 Q
Speed control
0,1
n
η x 1 (1 η n ) x n
nx
Speed
control
Speed control
Oversynchronous operation
Speed control - Oversynchronous operation
New duty-point;
Q = 450 m³/h @ H = 57,5 m
Speed control - Oversynchronous operation
New duty point: 450 m³/h @ 57.5 m head.
Needed power in the new duty point
Needed frequency
f x 60 n x p 3101 x 1
n2 ;f 2 51,7Hz
p 60 60
Suction Conditions
Suction Conditions
h = Hb – Hf – Hv – NPSH - Hs
What is NPSH ? - Net Positive Suction Head
Δh = NPSH
What is NPSHA ?
NPSHA
Pabs , in Pvapour
g
NPSHA Δh ~ NPSHR
Imploding
vapour bubbles
h = Hb – Hf – Hv – NPSHR - Hs
Viscosity and density
Viscosity - How to measure it ?
Dynamic viscosity: Is called centipoises (cP) and is measured in Pa·s.
Kinematic viscosity: Is called centistokes (cSt) and is measured in mm 2/s
Example.
Water has a viscosity of 1 cSt at 20°C, while motor oil typically has a viscosity of more than 500 cSt at the same temperature.
cP 73
cSt 68,8mm 2 / s
Specificgravity 1,061
centistokes (cSt) is the unit used when sizing a pump in WinCaps/WebCaps, as it influences the pump curve.
centipoises cP relates to the lubricating capability of a liquid. We therefore use cP when discussing a medium’s
ability to lubricate the bearings in a pump.
Density
Density is a measure of the weight of a liquid.
Normally measured in g/cm3 or kg/m3.
Viscosity and density influence on the pump
Grundfos recommendations: