OVARIAN

HORMONE

BY:
MARIAM AHMED AZAM
NOURHAN ATEF ALI

SUPERVISED BY
PROF .DR./THORIA
ABDELAZIZ
Ovary anatomy and function:
• The ovaries are small oval-shaped glands located on either side of your uterus
• They produce and store your eggs (also called ovum).
• make hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
• During ovulation, one of your ovaries releases an egg. If a sperm fertilizes this
egg, you can become pregnant. Your ovaries continue to release an egg each
menstrual cycle until you reach menopause. During menopause, your ovaries
stop releasing eggs.

• Your ovaries are on the right and left sides of the uterus In your lower abdomen.
• •Your ovaries are held in place by several muscles and ligaments in your pelvis.
• •The ovarian ligament connects your ovaries to your uterus.
What do your ovaries do?
• Your ovaries play a critical role In both menstruation and conception.
• They produce eggs for fertilization and they make the hormones
estrogen and progesterone.
• An ovary releases an egg around the middle of your menstrual cycle
(around day 14 of a 28-day cycle) in a process called ovulation
• Each of your ovaries has thousands of ovarian follicles.
• follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) causes follicles In one of your
ovaries to mature. At about day 14 In the menstrual cycle, a sudden
surge In luteinizing hormone (LH) causes the ovary to release an egg
(ovulation).
• Estrogen
• Estrogen refers to a group of three hormones: estradiol (E2, which is the main
female hormone in women prior to menopause).
• estradiol(E3, which is increased in pregnancy) and estrogne(E1, the main form of
estrogen after menopause).
• Estrogen regulates the menstrual cycle, breast development, fertility and
pregnancy. Estrogen is also important in keeping bones healthy as it prevents the
breakdown of bone and helps the absorption of calcium from the gut.

• Progesterone regulates the menstrual cycle.

• •maintains pregnancy.
• •strengthens the pelvic floor muscles, prevents milk production and helps the
unborn baby to develop.
• •During the menstrual cycle, progesterone prepares the uterus (womb) for
pregnancy by thickening the lining of the uterus ready to receive the fertilized egg
and support the growth of the placenta
Testosterone is made in small amounts from the ovaries. In women, like
in men, testosterone is important for bone health and muscle mass,
making new blood cells, and sex drive (or libido). In women, most of
the testosterone made by the ovary is converted Into estradiol (E2).
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH
• Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is important during development of
the ovarian follicles.
InhibinA & InhibinB
• InhibinA and InhibinB are released from cells within the ovarian
follicles. They play key roles in regulating follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) release from the pituitary gland at different stages of the
ovarian cycle
The menstrual cycle
• What disorders can occur with the ovaries?

• There are several diseases and conditions associated with your

ovaries. Some of the most common ones are:

• Ovarian cysts.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
• Ovarian cancer.
• Primary ovarian insufficiency.
• Pelvic inflammatory disease.
• Endometriosis.
Ovarian cancer :
• Ovarian cancer is an extremely serious, but rare disease. Its symptoms
usually don’t become apparent until the cancer has progressed into the
later stages.
• What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• discomfort or bloating.
• Changes in your eating habits, getting full early and losing your appetite.
• Nausea or diarrhea.
• Irregular vaginal bleeding.
• Vaginal discharge.
What causes ovarian cancer?
The exact cause of ovarian cancer isn’t
yet known. But some people have a
slightly higher risk of developing the
condition. Ovarian cancer risk factors
include:
• Being over the age of 60.
• Obesity.
• A family history of ovarian cancer
(others in your biological family have
had the disease) or have inherited a
gene mutation (BRCA1 or BRCA2) or
Lynch syndrome.
Never being pregnant or having
children later in life.
How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?
• the condition is often difficult to diagnose in the early stages.
• If your healthcare provider suspects ovarian cancer, they’ll ask about your
symptoms and perform a pelvic exam. During the exam, they’ll check for any
abnormal growths or enlarged organs.
• They may recommend additional tests, including:
Pelvic ultrasound.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).
CT scan (computed tomography).
PET scan (positron emission tomography).
• Blood tests: substance called CA-125. High levels of CA-125 in your blood can be a
sign of cancer. However, CA-125 levels can be normal, even when cancer is present,
and higher in many conditions that aren’t cancer. Because of this, providers use
blood tests in combination with other tests to diagnose ovarian cancer.
polycystic Ovary
Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic means “many

cysts.”
criteria for diagnosing PCOS
do not require the presence of
polycystic ovaries by pelvic
ultrasound.
based on signs of
hyperandrogenism (elevated
androgen hormone levels).
Other key characteristics
include infertility, acne, and
increased hair growth on the
face and body.
Diagnosis:

• Polycystic ovary syndrome is diagnosed by the presence of at least two out of the
following:
• signs of high androgens (unwanted facial or bodily hair, loss of hair from the
head, acne or an elevated blood level of testosterone)
• irregular or absent menstrual periods after other causes for this have been
excluded and
• polycystic ovaries on an ultrasound scan.
• Blood tests can be used to identify characteristic changes in hormone levels,
although these changes are not universal. Women with polycystic ovary
syndrome may have elevated levels of:
• testosterone (an ovarian androgen hormone that influences hair growth);
• estrogen (an ovarian hormone that stimulates growth of the womb lining
(endometrium).
• luteinising hormone (LH, a pituitary hormone which influences hormone
production by the ovaries and is important for normal ovulation).
Test did to check the healthy of ovary
• hormone blood tests can look at several key hormones:
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Testosterone/DHEA
• Thyroid hormones
• Luteinizing hormone
• In most cases, healthcare providers use hormone test results
combined with other factors—such as symptoms, medical history, and
other test results—to reach a diagnosis.
Estrogen:
• Estrogen isn't a single hormone. You have many types of estrogens. Only three of them are
commonly tested:
• Estrogne (E1): The main post-menopausal hormone
• Estradiol (E2): The main female hormone before menopause and outside of pregnancy
• Estrdiol (E3): A form that increases during pregnancy
• E2 is the most often tested form. It's the major hormone responsible for sexual function and
also plays a major role in:
• Healthy bones
• Female characteristics
• Other aspects of health
• Estradiol is primarily produced by the ovaries and levels vary throughout the menstrual cycle.
They're highest at ovulation and lowest at menstruation.

• E2 levels slowly decrease as you age. The largest drop occurs at menopause when the ovaries
"switch off."
Progesterone
• Progesterone is essential for regulating menstruation and fetal development. During the
luteal phase, it helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg. What happens next
depends on whether the egg is fertilized.
• If the egg is not fertilized, progesterone levels plummet, and a new menstrual cycle
begins.
• If the egg is fertilized, progesterone levels remain high. This stimulates the growth of
blood vessels that supply the lining of the uterus (endometrium) and makes glands in the
endometrium that release nutrients to nourish the developing embryo.
• Testosterone and DHEA
• While testosterone is usually regarded as the "male sex hormone," it's also part of the
female hormonal makeup. In females, testosterone is produced in the ovaries and adrenal
glands. Most of it is then converted to estradiol with the help of an enzyme called
aromatase.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is also classified as an androgen, but it is normally present
in females as well.
what is a major risk factor for cancer?

• Leading risk factors for preventable cancers are smoking, getting too
much ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, being
overweight or having obesity, and drinking too much alcohol.
What other glands do ovaries work with?
the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary It is released in a rhythmic fashion
every 60 to 120 minutes. GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to produce
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), the hormone responsible for starting
follicle (egg) development and causing the level of estrogen primary female
hormone, to rise.
The follicles produce estrogen, which start to prepare the uterus (womb)
for pregnancy. The rising estrogen levels signal the pituitary gland to
release luteinising hormone (LH), which in turn, signal the ovaries to
produce more and more estrogen. This forms a positive feedback loop.
how can you keep a healthy ovary: