ProìectRe

ñiame : Aryan Oevgun

Class:12th Non-Med
subjeot: /*hysics
to:
 Acknowled ement

I would like to thank my

Physics teacher Mr. Deepak for his constant guidance,
motivation, moral encouragement and sympathetic
attitude towards the success of this project,
I also want to thank itie principal and the institution for
providing the necessary materials.
I would also like to extend my gratitude towards the lab
attendant. my parents and everyone who has helped
me in completing the project successfully.
Bonafide certificate

This is Io certit mat A i yan Dev ttn of cIaB6

XII
has successfully completed the investigatoryproject
on
•TO STUDY VARIATION OF CURRENT USING A
LDR" under the guidance of Mr. Dt't ‘ l ill
absolutely genuine and
doesn't not involve in sny kind ot plsgis/ism.
Thia ia In partial
fulfillment of Physics practical
examination AISSCE 2023-34

External Examiner Teacher in Charge

INDEX
ACKMOWLE0@EMEMT

INTRODUCTION 01

AIM & APPARATUS 02

THEORY 03

PROCEDURE 08

OB9ERVATION9 09

RE9ULT & CONCLUSION 11

APPLI0ATION9 12

eouRce9 OF ERROR 13

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

The geneæl purpoBe photoconductive cell ia alao

known as LDR light dependent resistor. lt is a type of
semiconductor and lts œnductlvity changes with
proporllonal change in the intensité of Ilght.
Theæ are two common types of materials used to
manufacture the photoconductlve cells. They
are Cadmlum Sulptilde (CdS) and Cedmium
Selenide
(cdso)
ExtrJnsic devlœs have lmpurttles added, whlch have a
ground state energy closer to the conduction band - slnce
the electrons don1 have as far to gump, lower energy
photons (l.e. longer wavelengths and lower frequencies)
are sufficient to trigger the devlce. Two of its earliest
applications weæ as part of smoke and fire detectlon
systems and camera light metee. The structure is covered
with glass sheet to protect lt from moiBtuæ and dUBt and
allows only light to fall on it.
 AIM & APPARATUS

AIM:
To study the variations, in current
flowing in a circuit containing a LDR, because of a
variation:-

(a)In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to

’illuminate’ tñe LDR. (Keeping all the lamps at a fixed
distance).

(b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of fixed

power), used to ‘illuminate' the LDR.

APPARATUS:
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
Connecting Wires
Source of different power rating (bulbs)
Bulb Holder

Multi Meter
Battery

J
 THEORY

1.) LDR and its characteristics

When light i9 incident on it, a photon is absorbed and

mereby it excites an electron from valence band into
conduction band. Due to such new electrons coming up in
conduction band arse, the electrical resistance of the
device decreases. Thus the LDR or photo-‹x›nductive
transducer has the resistance which is the inverse
function of radiation intensity.

/\0 • ttxsshold wa•eIer›$th. ii meters

e • charge on r›r›s , in
Coulo‹r›t›s Ew • wo›t lu ‹:d ft›e
rretat uaed. b Ev

Here must note that any radiation with wavelength

greater than the value obtained in above equation
CANNOT PRODUCE any change in the resistance of this
device.
The band gap energy of Cadmium Sulphide is
2.42eV and lot cadmium Sefenide it is1.74eV. Due to
such large energy gaps, both the materials have
extremely high resistivity at room temperature.
Charactertstlcs of photooonductive cella
Now when the device is kept in darkness. its resistance is
called as dark resistance. This resistance is typically of the
order of 10'* ohms. When light falls on it, its resistance
decreases up to several kilo ohms or even hundreds of
ohms, depending on the intensity of light, falling on it.
The spectral response characteristics of two
cells were compared in our laboratory. And we found that
there is almost no response to the radiation of a
wavelength which was shorter than 300nm. /f was very
interesting fo note that the Cadmium Sulphide cell has a
peak response nearer or within the grean color of the
spectrum within a range of 520nm. Thus it can be used
nearer to the Infre-red reglon up to 750nm. It was found that
the maximum response of Cadmium
Sulphoselenide is in the yellow-orange range at 615nm and
also it can be used in the infra-red region up to about
970nm.
between the light falling on the device and the
ng output sig
Like the human eye, the ælative

versus wavelength of light.

2.) luminous flux variation:
Considering tha source to Isa a point radiating in alt
directions; consider a steradian (at evan a simpta 8phere),
lake a small element ‹›A on the sterad\an at a distance 'L
from the source. It compriaea a small part of the enargy
radiated t•Er).
Now. go further to a distance 'R' (R>f) from tha
aource, consider the same area element ‹iA, it
a much smaller part of energy radtated
(«E•).
[»E. > •E•].
It varias Invarsaly as the square of the distance.
 PROCEDURE
. Choose a specific position for the sourco and mount it
using a holder, make sure it is stable.
• bulb wilh the lowest power rating and connect it
to the holder as shown in the @ure.
• Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the in
seri8S.
multirneter
• Set the multirnater to ohm section and select
suitable
range and measure the resistanoa with a bulb on.
• Similarly switch to currant and move to
micro smpere in the multimeter. Thia gives tha value of
• the current.
Repeat these steps with different power sources a\
different distances and note damn observations.
 OBSERVATIONS

The experiment has been conducted

by using various sources with different
power ratings.
Voltage of tha battery =6V

1.) USo
S ml
watts (yellow)
DIS!ANCE(wavelength
F = 570nm)CURRE NT
f3E SISDANCE
Ne NOL\ ‹K¥o ot•nl (m« a et¥ms)
9OURCE
cm
40
40 a 80
.
3 30 s
41

2.) 15 watts (incandescent) (mean wavelength = 610nm

Sei i›l DiSTANC£ FRO t RESISTANCE CURRENT
No 9OURCE K¥o aim m

.
1 5t 1 TO
2. •fO fyg
3. 30 $y0
4. 7'0 11 M0
3.) 40 watts (lncendascent) trnesn wavelength = 610nm)

Senal ” DISTANCE FQiDM RESiST ANCE CURRGN T

uo sO\JRCE ‹K6o ot••; ‹r› oo
›x›e‹eI

13 460
.
3 700
20 1330

4.) 20 watts (CFL) (white light)

SeripI DISTANCE FROH CIE SIS T ANCE CURREN T

w souRcz (xzo cmi ‹••=• • • w ‹ • )

t5.5 380
a \0 600
3. 0 6
2
0

t0
 CONCLUSION & RESULT

. The LDR resistance decreases with increase in

fmensify of ligh( and f›enca there sT an increase in the flow
of currant.
• Theft 8n increase ln th
t9 e c•rrenl as the
distance from the source decreases.
from the
source Increases

. The erFO” lies within tne exp rim t t/ ¡t

n
 Lead sulfide {PbS} and indium sntimoriide (tnsb) LDRs
are used for the mid infrared spectral
region. GeCu photoconducto‹s are among the best far-
infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared
astronomy and infrared spectroscopy.

Analog Applications
Camera Exposure Control
- Auto Slide Focus - dual cell Photocopy
Machines - density of toner Colonmetric
Te9t Equipment Densitorneter
EecFnncScNes-dualoel
- Automate Gain Control - modulated tight source
Automated Rear View Mirror

Digital Applications
• Automatic Headlight Dimmer
Night Light Control
- Oil Burner Flame
Out Street Light
Control Position
Sensor

12
 SOURCES OF ERROR

. The LDR may not be perpendlcular to the source.

. Connections may be faulty.

. The experiment should be conducted in a dark
room.
. Measurements should be taken accurately.