Speech

• The act of delivering a formal spoken communication

to the audience is called speech.

• Speech is the language, dialect of a nation or region.

• The act of capacity of speaking in a language is called

speech.

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 Parts of speech
• The basic words of a language are divided into different
kinds that are called parts of speech and they are ,8, in
numbers, but in some grammar books they are nine by
adding Articles.
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Adverb
5. Verb
6. Conjunction
7. Interjection
8. Preposition Prepared by: Zabihullah 'Ibrahimi'
 Noun
Noun is a naming word.
(Naming here means giving name to a person, place, thing, idea, etc)

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• Common Noun: A common noun is a name given in common or to every
person , place or thing of the same kind.
Example: man, teacher, student…etc

• Proper Noun: A word which indicates a particular person, thing or place

is called proper noun, or a word which denotes a specific person, thing or
place. Proper means one’s own). The first letter of the proper noun is
always capitalized. (Afghanistan, English
book, Ahmad)
Example: Karzai who is the president of Afghanistan is intelligent.

• Compound Noun: A noun made of two or more than two nouns.

Examples:
Handbook, handbag,
Bank teller, bus driver, college student
Father-in-law, mother-in-law, off-license
(shortcut. Magazine reading, driving school, a man from Afghanistan,
students’ class, Ali’s car.

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pronoun

• Pronoun is a word that functions as a substitute for a noun

and avoids a noun from its repetition.

E.g. Ali is a student; he is a very smart boy.

subject. Pro

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A. Subject pronouns:
(I, you, we, they, he, she, it)
Subject pronouns are used mainly as subject before verbs.

singular plural
I We
You You
He They
She
It
E.g. They reconstructed new building in Afghanistan.
sub. pro

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Subject and predicate
Every sentence has two main parts namely subject and predicate.
Subject contains a noun or a pronoun and the predicate contains verb, so it
can be said that the naming part is the subject and the telling part is the
predicate. A sentence is divided into two parts:
1. Subject (the name of a person or the thing we speak about)
2. Predicate (what is said about the subject)

subject predicate
Ali is very intelligent.
Man is a social animal.
He went to Kabul yesterday.
The moon looks pretty.

E.g. He became a politician.

sub verb predicate E.g. write your name.
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B. Object pronoun
(me, you, us, them, him, her, it)
Object pronouns are used as object of a verb or a preposition.

Singular Plural
Me Us
You You
Him Them
Her
It

E.g. She sent me some flowers.

obj. pro

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Kinds of object
A. Direct object
The name of a person or a thing directly receiving an action of
a verb is called direct object and direct objects are usually
identified by asking (who) or (what is affected by the subject)

E.g. I wrote a letter. E.g. We saw a snake.

B. Indirect object
The person to whom something is given or for whom
something is done is called indirect object.

E.g. I gave him a book.

E.g. I wrote her a letter.
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C. Demonstrative Pronoun
• They are used to point out the object or the noun to which they
refer.
(this, that, these, those)

Singular Plural
This These
That Those

E.g. This is Omar and these are his friends.

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D. Possessive Pronouns
• They are used to show possession or ownership in sentences and they
are used without following nouns.
(mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its)

Singular Plural
Mine Ours
Yours Yours
His Theirs
Hers
Its

E.g. Which car is yours?

E.g. That car is mine.

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E. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are
• Myself
• Yourself
• Himself
• himself
• Itself
• Oneself
• Ourselves
• Yourselves
• Themselves

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 Use
A common use of reflexive pronoun is to talk about actions where the
subject and object are the same person.

E.g. I cut myself shaving this morning. (Not I cut me.)

E.g. We got out of the water and dried ourselves.

E.g. I am going to Jalalabad to get myself a pair of shoes.

E.g. Talking to oneself is the first sign of madness.

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 Use continued…….
A reflexive pronoun can refer to other things besides the subject of a
clause.

Examples:
E.g. His letters are all about himself.

E.g. I am going to tell him a few facts about himself.

E.g. I like you for yourself, not for your money.

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 Use continued…….
We can use reflexives as subject or object emphasizers to mean that
person or thing and nobody or nothing else.

Examples:
E.g. The manager spoke to me himself.

E.g. The manager himself spoke to me.

E.g. The house is nice itself.

E.g. The house itself is nice.

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 By + Reflexive pronouns
We use the above structure to mean either alone or without help.

Examples:
E.g. I often wash my car by myself.

E.g. A. Do you need help?

B. No, thanks.

I can do it by myself.

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Exercise
Choose letter of the best answer

1. Khan plays cricket, he is a very good player.

a. subject pronoun b. object pronoun
c. demonstrative pronoun d. indefinite pronoun

2. She washed the dishes by herself.

a. Object pronoun b. interesting pronoun
c. reflexive pronoun d. none of them

3. Mom wants to prepare us dinner.

a. relative pronoun b. indefinite pronoun
c. object pronoun d. both a & b

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4. Wow! Is it yours?
a. demonstrative pronoun b. surprising pronoun
c. letter ,a, is correct d. possessive pronoun

5. Hey Ali! That is my car.

a. indefinite pronoun b. relative pronoun
c. demonstrative pronoun d. reflexive pronoun

6. It is not a good way of learning English language.

a. reflexive pronoun b. subject pronoun
c interrogative pronoun d. none of them

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