Grammar

Parts of Speech
Nouns
 Are words that are persons, places
and things

 Examples: swimmer, Atlanta,

water, frogs
Nouns
 Different Types
 Common and Proper
 Abstract and Concrete
 Singular and Plural
 Possessive
Nouns
 Common Nouns  Proper Nouns
 general type of  Particular type of
noun noun
 President  George Bush
 Mountain  Mount Everest
 House  White House
 Musician  50 cent
 Store  GAP
 Restaurant  Applebee’s
Nouns
A person’s name is a proper noun.
People can have titles. Capitalize a
person’s title.

Ex. Professor James, Rev. Smith, Dr.

Jones, Mr. Hand, Mrs. Johnson
Nouns
 Abstract Nouns  Concrete Nouns
 Word that names  Word that you
something you can see and
cannot see or touch
touch  Money
 Expense  Clock
 Minute  college
 Education
Nouns
 Singular Nouns  Plural Nouns
 The name of  The name of
one person, more than one
place, thing, or person, place,
idea thing, or idea
 End in s
 Apple  Apples

 Tree  Trees

 mouths
 mouth
Nouns
Nouns that end in Rule 1
y The letter before
the y in key,
Some nouns that
alley, and boy is
end in y become a vowel. Just
plural by- add s.
changing the y Rule 2
to i then add The letter before y
es in city, lady, spy
is a consonant.
Change the y to
i then add es.
Nouns
Nouns that end Musical words
in o add s that end in o
Radios add s
Studios
Nouns that end in
o but have a
consonant before
its final o add es
Potatoes
echoes
Nouns
Nouns that end Some nouns that
in f or fe end in f or fe-
Some nouns that Change the f to v
end in f or fe add and add es or f to
s to make them v and add s
plural Life----- lives
safe----safes Leaf----leaves
Belief---believes
Nouns
Irregular Plural Irregular Plural
Nouns Nouns
Deer, sheep, trout,
fish child--- children
Man-men
Foot----feet
Ox—oxen
Mouse-mice
Nouns
Plural Proper Make a date plural
Nouns by adding s
1990s
S to singular forms two As
If a proper noun 90s
ends in s or z
add es to make
it plural
Jones-----Joneses
Hernandez-
Hernadezes
Nouns
Possessive Nouns- Singular noun add ’s
shows ownership or ex. School’s motto
a relationship
between two things.
Singular noun that ends
in s add ’s
It always has an
apostrophe. ex. Boss’s office
Plural noun that ends in
s add ’
Ex. Angela’s jacket
ex. Trains’ route
Plural noun that does not
end in s
Ex. Children’s men’s
Nouns
 Nouns as books,  Underline or
songs, movies, italicized the title
stories, have of a movie, book,
titles. magazine, opera,
 A title is a or play.
proper noun.  Ex. Star Wars or Star
Wars
 Capitalize all  Put quotation
important words
marks around the
in a title.
title of a song,
poem or short
story.
 Ex. “America the
Beautiful”
Pronouns
 Takes the place of a noun


John is my brother. He is older
than Mr. Knight.
Pronouns
 Personal Pronouns  1st person pronoun
 Refers to people  refers to the person

or things. who is speaking---

 Refers to the
I
person speaking
 2nd person pronoun
 Refers to the
and the one
being spoke to or person you are
being talked speaking to--you
about.  3rd person pronoun
 Refers to the
 Can be singular or person or thing you
plural. are talking about-
he, she, it
 Personal Pronouns
Subject Object Possessiv
e
Singular
1st person I me my, mine

2nd person you you your,

yours
3rd person he, she it him, her, it his, her
hers, its

Plural
1st person we us our, ours
2nd person you you your
yours
3rd person they them their,
theirs
Pronouns
 Relative  Who, whom,
whose– refer to
pronouns- people
 Who, whom,  Which and what
whose, refer to things
which, that,  That- refers to
people and
and what things
Pronouns
 Interrogative  They ask
questions????
pronouns-  Who, which and
 Who, whom, what are only
whose, interrogative
pronouns only
which, and when they ask a
what questions.
 Ex. Who is going?
 Whom did you call?
 Whose hat this?
Pronouns
 Demonstrative  This, these,
Pronouns that, and those
 Ex. This is my
 Point out
particular house.
persons and
 These are my
pens.
things.
 Those are my
friends.
 That is my cat.
Pronouns
 Indefinite  Ex. Singular
Pronouns  Another,
anybody, each,
 Do not refer to one, either,
specific people everybody,
or things. someone,
 They do not neither, nobody
have clear  Ex. Plural
antecedents.  All, both, few,
many, several
Contractions
 Use an  An apostrophe is
apostrophe ’ to used to take the
show possessive place of the
pronouns missing letters.
 Contractions are
 A contraction is only used in
two words made informal writing
into one by (friendly letters)
leaving out one not formal
or more letters. writing.
Common Contractions
I’d= I would or You’re= You are
I had
I’ll = I will I’m = I am
I’ve = I have You’ll= You will
You’ve= You have It’s = It is
It has
He’s= He is She’s= She is
he has She has
They’d= They We’d We would
would We had
Verbs
 are action words or being words

 Example: run, is, think, was

Verbs
 Verbs express  Infinitive –
tense (time)  to plus the present
 Verbs can express tense of the verb
three simple  Verbs use endings
tenses!!! or both to express
 Present – tense
happening now  A helping verbs
 Past- action has combines with a
already happened main verb to form
 Future- action will a verb phrase.
happen in the
future
Verbs
Present Past Future
Look Looked Will look
Gather Gathered Will gather

Support Supported Will support

Play Played Will play

Verbs
 Perfect Tenses of  Present Perfect
Verbs  Has joined
 Present Perfect  Future Perfect
 Past Perfect  Will have belonged
 Future perfect  Past Perfect
 A Verb Phrase  had belonged
 A main verb plus a
helping verb
 Verbs
Verbs have three Infinitive Present Past Past
main forms- Participle

infinitive
(present), past To be Am, Was, Has
and past is, are were been
participle.
Regular verbs forms
past and past
participles by
adding ed or d.
Regular and
Irregular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Present Past Past
Participle
Bend Bent Has bent
Buy Bought Has bought
Bring Brought Has brought
Leave Left Has left
Win Won Has won
Get Got Has got
(gotten)
Think Thought Has thought
Irregular Verbs
Present Past Past
Participle
Begin Began Has begun
Break Broke Has broken
Fly Flew Has Flown
Grow Grew Has grown
Ring Rang Has rung
Swim Swam Has swum
Write Wrote Has written
Irregular Verbs
Present Past Past
Participle
See Saw Has seen
Know Knew Has known
Forgot Forget Has forgotten
Take Took Has taken
Wear Wore Worn
Ride Rode Has ridden
Read Read read
Progressive Verb Phrases
Expresses continuing To form progressive
action verb phrases use
Add ing to the the helping verb
present tense of be plus the
the verb to form
the present
present participle
participle.
Progressive Verb Phrases
Present Progressive She is running.

Past Progressive She was running.

Future Progressive She will be running.

Present Perfect She has been

Progressive running.
Past Perfect She had been
Progressive running.
Future Perfect She will have been
Progressive running.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Must agree in Singular Emily’s dog
singular Subject always barks.
and plural Plural Both dogs
with its Subject bark for
subject. biscuits.
When the
subject is He likes to They like to
singular draw. draw.
pronoun
add s or es
Subject-Verb Agreement
 When the subject
is I or you, use the
plural form of the
verb.
 Ex. I enjoy
Thanksgiving with
my family.
 Do you enjoy
Thanksgiving?
Adverbs
 Describe verbs, adjectives and other
adverbs


A sea turtle swims slowly and
gracefully.
Adjectives
 Describe nouns and pronouns

Example- pretty girl,
 Example- She is beautiful.
 Answers the questions
 What kind? Which one? How many?
How much?
Adjectives
 Articles ----- a, an and the
 Always come before a noun and
always adjectives
 Definite article---- the
 Indefinite articles--- a, an
 a--- before a word that begins with a
consonant
 an- before a word that begins with a

vowel
Adjectives
 ProperAdjectives
 are proper nouns that we
use as adjectives
Adjectives
 Common
Nouns as
adjectives.  Adjective-
Noun---
She works at
Emily likes
a music
music.
store.
Adjectives
 Possessive  Examples:
Nouns and  Emily’s dog
Possessive is a pug.
pronouns as  Johnny’s
adjectives.
soccer
 Her hat
 His idea
Adjectives
 Numbers as  Indefinite
Adjectives pronouns
 Ex. Joe drove  Ex. Several people
four hundred wanted to go on
miles. the trip.
 The trip took  Few students were
eight hours. able to go.
Demonstrative Adjectives
 Pronouns can be  Examples:
adjectives Adjective
 This that these  That book is long.
and those  Non-example
(Pronoun)
 That is a long
book.

 Ask what it
describes??
 Adjectives to Compare
 You can also use Positive Comparative Superlative

adjectives to
Fast Faster fastest
compare two or
more people or
things. Three Pretty Prettier prettiest
forms-
 Positive

 Comparative New Newer newest

 Superlative
Double the Consonant
 Double the final  Ex.
consonant when  Big-bigger
you add an  Sad-sadder
ending to a word  Big-biggest
that has one  Sad-saddest
syllable, ends in  Some that you do
a consonant and
not double
has one vowel
before the
 Short-shorter
consonant.  Fast-faster
Conjunction
 FANBOYS
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
 Connect words, phrases or clauses
Prepositions
 Begin phrases that show a
relationship

 Example- to, beneath, under, at,

Interjections
 A word or phrase that expresses a
feeling.

 Example ah, hurray, hello, wow,

yes, whew, oh, ha, alas, gosh,