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Unit II Sewer Appurtenances Sewer Construction Pumping House Drainage Rainwater Harvesting Sanitary Engineering
Unit II Sewer Appurtenances Sewer Construction Pumping House Drainage Rainwater Harvesting Sanitary Engineering
Unit II Sewer Appurtenances Sewer Construction Pumping House Drainage Rainwater Harvesting Sanitary Engineering
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING-II
3) Sewage Pumping.
4) House Drainage Systems, sanitary fitting and appliances, traps –function and
types, anti-syphonage, inspection chambers, Storm water drainage.
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References:-
1. B.C. Punmia, Waste Water Engineering, Laxmi Publication
3. G.S. Birdie, Water Supply & Sanitary Engineering, Dhanpat Rai Pub Company
4. M.N. Rao & H.V.N. Rao, Air Pollution, McGraw Hill Publication.
6. Dr. P N Modi, Sewage Treatment & Disposal & Wastewater Engg., Rajsons
Publications Pvt. Lts
Construction of Sewer or Procedure for Laying Sewer:
1) Setting out sewer centre line
3) Excavation of trenches
4) Timbering
5) Dewatering
8) Backfilling of trenches
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Construction of Sewer or Procedure for Laying Sewer:
Setting out sewer centre line:
1) First step in laying of sewers.
2) Laying of sewer carried out from the tail end or outfall end, & proceeding upwards.
3) Sewer lines are marked & pegs are placed at regular interval 7.5 or 15m..
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Construction of Sewer or Procedure for Laying Sewer:
Excavation of trenches:
1) Trenches are excavated manually or mechanically.
2) The width of trench depends upon the diameter of sewer & depth of sewer line below the
ground level.
3) The width of the trench at the bottom is generally kept 15 cm more than the diameter of the
sewer pipe, with minimum 60 cm width to facilitate joining of pipes.
Timbering of Trenches:
4) In case of loose soil the sides will collapse and hence shoring and strutting is necessary.
5) This is also necessary to prevent caving to reduce danger to workman.
Dewatering of Trenches:
6) Trenches should not be wet & muddy while or before jointing of sewer. In such 6case
dewatering is done by pumping.
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Construction of Sewer or Procedure for Laying Sewer:
Laying & Jointing of Pipes Sewers:
1) After setting a sight rail, centre line of the sewer is transferred to the bottom of the trench
by driving small pegs at an interval of 3m or so.
2) Before laying sewer, it should be checked for any defect.
3) The trench is excavated between two manholes and the bedding layer of concrete is
provided for soft soil while in case of rocky or hard soil, no bedding.
4) The sewer pipes are then lowered down in to the trench either manually or with the help of
machines for bigger pipe diameters.
5) The levels of invert of sewer are checked by boning rod or traveler.
6) After completing the laying of sewer pipe between two manholes. Further excavations are
carried out for laying of sewer pipe between the next consecutive manholes. The process is
continued form the outfall end of the sewer towards the starting end till the entire sewers is
laid out. 7
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Construction of Sewer or Procedure for Laying Sewer:
Backfilling of Trench:
1) The trench should be backfilled only after the laid sewer has been tested and approved for
water tightness of joints.
2) To ensure the future safety of sewer, the work of backfilling should be carried out with due
care, particularly the selection of soil used for backfilling around the sewer.
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Sewer Testing:
The various tests are carried out to check water tightness of the sewer & proper working.
Air Test:
1) Particular section is selected & plugs are provided at the upper & lower ends.
2) The air is forced in the pipes by suitable equipments such as pump.
3) Leaky joints are found by applying soap solution.
4) The escape of air from leaky joints formed bubble & which are visible.
5) Then joints are repaired.
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Sewer Testing:
The various tests are carried out to check water tightness of the sewer & proper working.
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Sewer Testing:
The various tests are carried out to check water tightness of the sewer & proper working.
Smell Test:
1) Test is similar to air test but in this case air is mixed with some smelling gas.
2) Such air is allowed to pass through the sewer line & escape of air from leaky joints is
detected by smell and such joints are repaired.
3) Mercaptans, Mercaptan Sulfide Blends, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Halogen, Helium, Sulfur
Hexafluoride (SF6) & Industrial Hydrogen (95% nitrogen, 5% hydrogen)
Smoke Test:
4) Test is similar to air test but in this case smoke is used.
5) Smoke is allowed to pass through the sewer line.
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Sewer Testing:
The various tests are carried out to check water tightness of the sewer & proper working.
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Sewer Appurtenances:-
Sewer appurtenances are the various essential accessories or devices for the proper
maintenances & efficient operation of sewerage system.
These appurtenances are necessary because if simply sewers are laid, the sewage can not
flow in it continuously for longer time. After some, it will be choked up and will require
cleaning of sewers. The various appurtenances are as below:
1) Manholes.
2) Drop Manholes.
3) Flushing Tanks.
4) Lampholes.
5) Street Inlets. (Inlet)
6) Catch Basin. (Inlet)
7) Ventilating Shaft.
8) Grease & Oil Traps
9) Inverted Siphons.
10) Storm Water Regulators.
Manholes:-
1) It is a construction made to connect the ground level with the hole or opening made in
the sewer line so that a man can easily, conveniently and safely enter through it and carry
out the usual maintenances operation.
2) It consists of working chamber, an access shaft & a strong cover on the top.
3) The lower portion of a manhole is known as a working chamber and it provides a working
space to carry out cleaning and inspection of sewer line. (Slope, Direction, More sewers)
4) Access shaft provides access to the working chamber.
5) The manhole cover of RCC is provide to cover the opening.
Drop Manholes:-
1) When it is uneconomical or impracticable to arrange the connection with 60 cm of
invert of the sewer and manhole, then vertical shaft is constructed outside the manhole
chamber through which the sewage of branch sewer is allowed to enter the manhole.
2) Such a manholes which drop the level of invert of the incoming sewer by providing a
vertical shaft are called drop manhole.
3) The main purpose of drop manhole is to avoid the splashing of sewage on man working
& on the masonry work.
4) Larger the diameter of the sewer the greater may be the spacing between two
manholes.
Flushing Tank:-
1) An arrangement to hold and then throw water into the sewer for the purpose of flushing
2) When the gradient of the sewers are flat and velocity of sewage is low, the suspended
matter starts settling and causes clogging of sewer, at such places, where self cleansing
velocity is not available, flushing tank are provided to flush the sewer.
3) Hand Operated Flushing Tank & Automatic Flushing Tank.
4) Flushing tanks are also provided near the dead ends of sewers.
5) The quantity of water added in one flush is about 1600 litres.
6) Flushing tanks should have sufficient capacity to hold water temporarily, to serve the
required purpose.
7) Generally, the capacity of flushing tank is kept equal to 1/10 th of the cubical contents
of the sewer line served by it.
Flushing Tank
Lampholes:-
1) A lampholes are the opening or holes are constructed in a sewer for the purpose of
lowering a lamp inside it.
2) It is a vertical stoneware or concrete pipes which are connected to the sewer line
through a tee junction.
3) The pipes are surrounded by concrete to make them stable.
4) At the ground level, the manhole cover with frame is provided to take up the load of
traffic.
Street Inlet:-
1) An inlet is a device meant to admit the storm water or surface wash and convey it into a
storm sewer or a combined sewer.
2) Inlets are not necessary in case of separate sewers
3)Inlets are of three types :
a. Curb inlet or vertical inlet
b. Gutter inlet or horizontal inlet
c. Combined inlet
4) Inlet may either depressed or flush depending upon their elevation with respect to the
pavement surface.
5) A maximum spacing of 30 m is recommended on straight roads.
6) Inlets are also located at Street intersections.
7) A curb inlet does not interface with the flow of traffic.
Street Inlets:-
1) It is an opening through which storm water and surface water flowing along the street are
admitted and conveyed to the storm water sewer or combined sewer by means of pipes.
2) These are placed at the road, gutters, generally at street junctions.
3) It should provide in a such way that it will not cause any interference with the traffic.
4) Curb Inlets, Gutter Inlets & Combined Inlets.
Catch Basin or Catch Pit:-
1) It is a special type of inlet, in which a basin is provided which allows grit, sand
and debris etc. to settle out which flowing in with storm water.
2) The outlet is usually trapped to prevent escape of odors from the sewers and to
retain floating matter.
3) The settled matter is taken out periodically.
Inverted Siphons:-
1) When a sewer line dips below the hydraulic grade line, it is called an inverted
siphon.
2) The purpose is to carry the sewer under the obstruction, such as roadway, railway,
stream, river etc., and regain as much elevation as possible.
3) The sewage through such a pipe line (or inverted siphon) will flow under pressure
which is greater than atmospheric.
Inverted Siphon:-
Ventilating Shaft:-
Grease and Oil Traps:
1) They are specially built chambers on the sewers to exclude grease and oil from sewage
before they enter the sewer line.
2) Such traps are located near those sources, such as automobile repair workshops, garages,
kitchens of hotels, oil and grease industries, which contribute grease and oil in their
waste waters.
3) Grease and oil entering into the sewer lines will stick to the interior surface of the sewer
conduit and will become hard, thus causing obstruction to flow.
4) Presence of oil & grease in sewer increases the possibilities of explosion in sewer lines.
5) Presence of oil & grease in the wastewater causes difficulties in treatment of waste water.
6) Presence of oil and grease on the surface of wastewater prevents oxygen to penetrate, due
to which aerobic bacteria will not survive and hence anaerobic condition will develop.
This will give rise to bad odors.
Clean Out: (Water & Flexible Rod)
1) A clean out is an inclined pipe with its one end connected to the underground sewer line
and the other end brought upto ground level, with a proper cover at the top.
2) They are generally provided at upper ends of lateral sewers in place of man holes.
3) They are meant for clearing out the lateral sewers.
4) For cleaning purposes, the cover is taken out and water is forced into the clean out pipe.
5) For removing larger obstruction, flexible rod may be inserted or other methods are
adopted.
Storm Regulators:-
1) Storm regulators are the appurtenances which are constructed for combined sewerage
system, so as to permit the diversion of storm water when the discharge exceeds a certain
value. The excess water is diverted to a natural stream or river
2) In a combined system, the D.W.F. may be very small and the quantity of storm water is
large. Generally, a combined sewer is designed for a discharge equal to 3 to 6 times the dry
weather flow.
3) Sometimes, when the intensity of rain is more, the quantity of storm water becomes
enormous. This excess quantity is therefore diverted through the use of storm regulators
4) Thus the storm water regulators, also some times called as overflow devices, prevent
overloading of sewers, pumping stations, treatment plants and other disposal arrangements.
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Types of Traps:-
Classification according to use:-
1) Floor Trap:- Made of cast iron with grating at top and used to for admitting wastewater
from floor of bath & kitchen. This trap is also known as Nahni Trap
2) Gully Trap:- Made of stoneware & caste iron. Wastewater from sinks, bath, etc., enter
through back inlet & unfoul water from the sweeping of rooms, courtyards, etc. enter from
the top, where coarse screen is fitted to check the solid matter.
Types of Traps:-
Classification according to use:-
1) Floor Trap:-
2) Gully Trap:-
3) Intercepting Trap:- It is provided in inspection chamber outside the house to prevent the
entry of foul gases from the street sewers to the houses through the house drains. This trap
has water seal of about 100mm.
Types of Pipes Used in House Drainage:-
1) Soil Pipe:- Important section of house drainage system in house.
2) Vent Pipe:- Essential for ventilation purpose.
3) Rainwater Pipe:- Collect the rain water from the roof.
4) Fresh Air Inlet Pipe:- Provide for fresh air in the last manhole which connects the house
drain with public sewer.
5) Anti-siphonage Pipe:- This type of pipe is provided not to be happen the siphonic action.
Safety Equipments:-
1) Gas Mask:-
2) Oxygen Breathing Apparatus:-
3) Portable Lightening Equipments:-
4) Portable Air Blow:-
5) Inhalators :-
6) Safety Belt:-
System of House Plumbing:-
Following are three major system adopted in plumbing of drainage work in a building.
1) Single Stack System:- A single vertical soil pipe is fixed & all the waste matter from
baths, kitchens, water closet etc. is discharged into it. It also act as a vent pipe. The single
stack system is economical but it is entirely effective in the depth of water seal only.
2) One Pipe System:-
3) Two Pipe System:-
System of House Plumbing:-
Following are three major system adopted in plumbing of drainage work in a building.
One Pipe System:- Only one pipe with a ventilation pipe is provided which collects both the
foul soil waste as well as unfoul waste from the building. For multistory building, lavatory
blocks of various floors are so placed one over the other.
System of House Plumbing:-
Following are three major system adopted in plumbing of drainage work in a building.
Two Pipe System:- Two sets of pipes are laid. The soil fixture such as urinal & WC are
connected to the vertical soil pipe. Waste matter from baths, kitchen, etc. are connected by
another vertical waste pipe. Soil pipe & waste pipe requires separate vent pipe hence
requires four pipes & therefore becomes costly.
Two pipe system is better than other system of plumbing for efficient conveyance of
sanitary waste with minimum of risk.
One pipes system has a more economical layout of pipes but requires sufficient
safeguard, include proper ventilation, adequate water seal and direct connection
between the sanitary fixture & soil pipe to make drainage effective.
Now days single stack system mostly used on grounds of economy easy planning of
plumbing system.
Pumping of Sewage:-
In sewerage system at some places the sewage can not flow under its gravitational force only
& it requires its lifting.
Why sewage pumping is different from water pumping:- ( Problems in Sewage Pumping)
The pumping of sewage is not as simple as pumping of water.
4) Foul characteristics.
5) Suspended matter & floating matter can clog the pumps.
6) Organic & inorganic matter can cause corrosion & erosion.
7) Disease bacteria may cause health hazards.
8) Sewage flow is continuously varying.
9) Larger size sump well can not be constructed otherwise organic & inorganic matter will
settle in the bottom & produces foul smell as well as choking.
Centrifugal Pump :-
1) Most commonly used for pumping sewage.
2) Easily installed in pits & sumps.
3) Easily transport the suspended matter present in the sewage.
4) It consist of a revolving wheel called impeller which is enclosed in an air tight casing to
which suction pipe & delivery pipe or rising main are connected.
5) Radial Flow Pump, Mixed Flow Pump & Axial Flow Pump.
Centrifugal Pump :-
1) A spiral shaped casing called volute casing is provided around the impeller.
2) At the inlet to the pump at the centre of the casing a suction pipe is connected, the lower
end of which dips into the liquid in the tank or sump from which the liquid is to be
pumped or lifted.
3) At the outlet of the pump on the delivery pipe a delivery valve is provided.
4) A delivery valve is a sluice valve or gate valve which is provided on order to control the
flow of liquid from the pump into the delivery pipe.
Reciprocating Pump:-
1) This pump are much less employed these days for sewage pumping, because of their high
initial cost, difficult in maintenance and greater wear and tear of valves.
2) It may be used for pumping of difficult sludges & large quantity of sewage against low
heads after passing the sewage through screen with 20 mm spacing.
3) Two types:
Air Lift Pump or Pneumatic Ejectors:-
1) This pump are used for pumping or lifting small quantities of sewage.
2) It is used where centrifugal pump of small capacity is likely to clog.
3) Pneumatic ejectors use compressed air for lifting sewage.
Rainwater Harvesting
1) To address the problem of water scarcity and effective conservation of rain water.
2) The process of collecting and storing rain water in a scientific and controlled manner for
future use.
3) Rain water is collected from the roof top of a building, community, structures, landscapes,
open fields, green parks, storm water drains, roads, pavement etc. and stored ready for re-
use as required.
4) Collected water can be filtered and directly be put into a percolation pit or open well or
dispersion trench to recharge the ground water.
6) collected water can be used for flushing toilets, general cleaning, garden irrigation and
washing clothes.
1. Rain water is collected on rooftops.
3) What is trap? State & explain various types of traps used in house plumbing?
4) Why the sewer should be properly ventilated? How it could be done? Explain?
6) Explain in brief the various steps involved in layout and construction of sewer lines?
7) What are the different types of pump used for pumping of sewage?