DAMBI DOLLO UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL
ENGINEERING DEP’T
Specification and Quantity
Surveying

Lecture two

Quantity Surveying
Contents;
1. Introduction
2. Measurement of civil work
BoQ (Bill of Quantity)
Take off
3. Technical Specification and Method of
Measurements for the different trade of Works
Building project
Road project
1. Introduction
 In a civil engineering activity, the owner
promises to pay the contractor an amount
commensurate with the work that he has done.
This would then require the actual works done to
be estimated or measured for payment purposes.
 On the other hand to estimate the project cost, the
actual quantities of materials, labor & equipment;
that is needed for the construction work must be
calculated at the beginning of the work.
Such work of calculating the amount of materials
and other incidentals necessary for the realization of
the work is called quantity surveying. 1
Introduction...
 The term ‘Surveying' means to inspect, study, review,
investigate or assess and hence "to measure“ therefore
the term“ quantity surveying“ means quantity
measuring as applied to civil engineering projects.

 Quantity surveying is the application of standard

methods of measurement to quantify the amounts of
various items in a construction project, for the
undertaking of valuation and certifying payments.
Such measurements are assumed to give to a reasonable
degree of accuracy of the total quantities in a building and
hence the total estimated cost of a building.
2
Introduction...
Quantity surveying is a term or process used in the
construction industry to take;
 Measurements of civil works
 Prepare specifications and
 Estimate the cost of works either for each trade of
work or for the whole project.

3
Introduction...
The following tasks are covered in quantity surveying:
Preparation of specification, tender documents and examining
tenders
Taking measurements of civil works (Taking off quantities and
preparing BOQ)
Preparation of approximate (preliminary) cost estimate at the very
early stage of the project
Preparation of detail cost estimate at different stages (taking as built
measurements
Preparation schedule of prices to negotiate with pre-qualified
bidders (labor rates, material supply rates, equipment rental rates)
Determination of values of works (executed works) and preparation
of payment certificates
Preparation of final accounts on completion of all of the works and
Valuation of property 4
Introduction...
Purposes of Quantity Surveying;
1.Owner perspective:
Help for the estimation of volume of work with
required budget.
Help in preparation of tenders, by providing
uniform measurement of quantities.
Give an accurate check list of work accomplished
Help for certification of payments, Estimating the
work done for issuing the contractor payments.
Give insight into the required variation work
amounts
5
Introduction...
2. Contractor perspective:
 Pricing different work items.
 Identifying the needed resources (Material,
Labor, Equipment, etc.)
 Project scheduling.
 Preparing invoices for work done.
 Subcontractors’ payments.
 Review and control of crews’ production rates

6
2. Measurement of Civil works
It includes the billing of each trade of work either

from drawings or the building itself for defining the

extent of works under each trade.
The standard book, which is used here, is

standard technical specification & method of m

easurement for construction of buildings by Ba
TCoDA
, March 1991. 7
Measurement of Civil works…
Specification worksheet (BoQ format)
 A complete list of all items of work involved in connection
with the estimate for a project with the description, quantity
and unit of rate against each item of work.
 It is the format which is used in a bill of quantity to list
(include) a short description of the specification along with its
measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine the total
cost for each trade of item.
Project

Item Description Unit Quantity Unit Total

price price

8
Measurement of Civil works…

9
Measurement of Civil works…
 There are four clearly defined steps in preparation
of Bill of Quantities:
1. Taking off
2. Squaring
3. Abstracting
4. Writing the final Bill

10
Measurement of Civil works…
1. Taking off
The quantities that are needed in a work, or the materials that
are going to be incorporated in aconstruction activity are first
of all read of or “taken of“ from the drawings, in conjunction
with the specifications and other relevant documents.
The process of reading drawings and calculating the amount
of materials/work needed is called taking off.
The process of preparing /defining a detailed list of all and
materials necessary for the work and entering the items on
properly dimensioned paper.

11
Measurement of Civil works…
Taking of Sheet:
These quantities are calculated in a specially prepared tabular
format, as to aid accurate preparation and enable checking
/rechecking or adjusting of amounts and correcting errors if
any.
These special formats are called ‘Take of Sheets'.

12
Measurement of Civil works…
 Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item

occurs and is called the timising column.

 Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the

dimensions of the items of works. The dimensions are entered

in the order indicated below.
Length
width
height or thickness
 Column 3 is called squaring column, where as

 Column 4 is called description column. 14

Measurement of Civil works…

13
 Measurement of Civil works…
Bar Scheduling: A separate sheet (bending schedule) is used
to prepare reinforcement quantities.
Bar in a No. Tot no. Total Length Of Bar for dia.
Bar No Location Shape Dia Length member member bars 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24

Total length (m)

Unit wt. (kg/m) 0.222 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.209 1.579 2.467 3.552
Tot.wt. (kg) 150
Measurement of Civil works…

16
Measurement of Civil works…
2. Squaring:
 The dimensions entered in column2 are squared or cubed as the case

may be, multiplied by the timizing factor, and the result entered in
column3

3. Abstracting:
 The squared dimensions are transferred to abstract sheets and all

similar dimensions are collected in the same category to obtain the total
quantity of each item.

4. Writing the Final Bill

 After the abstract sheets have been completed and checked, the final

bill of quantity is written. 17

 Measurement of Civil works…
The following tasks are part of taking off
(facilitate defining quantities).
• Describing the item
• Bracketing
• Ampersand (ditto)
• Dotting on: Sometimes similar measurements
are to be added, this could be done by dotting.
• Deductions: in case of door or window
openings
• Cancellation of dimensions or correction
(nullifying) 18
Measurement of Civil works…
Basic principles of taking off:-
 Drawings shall be fully understood clearly and detailed.

 During discrepancies in detailing, dimensioning or if

missing items exist obtain clarification from the designer.

 The BoQ shall accurately represent the works to be

executed.
 Works, which cannot be measured accurately, shall be

expressed as provisional quantity (PQ) and will result in

provisional sum (PS) and lump sum (LS)
19
Measurement of Civil works…
 With the understanding that measurements are
taken to the nearest cm.
 With the understanding that there is a standard
paper format to carry out measurements of civil
works, namely take off sheet or dimension paper,
bending schedule and specification worksheet.
 Prior knowledge of the regulations is necessary
(For e.g. roofing is measured in horizontal
projection).
 Measurements of civil works shall be carried out
in such a way that it can be easily checked and
audited. 20
Measurement of Civil works…
There are various methods of taking off quantities;
 Mensuration:
 Is the term used by mathematicians to describe the
measurement of lengths, areas and volumes of different
figure
 Girth(perimeter)
 Linear measurement
One of the most frequently used techniques when booking
dimensions is 'girthing‘.
Most buildings are based on a square or rectangular plan
shape and it is often necessary to establish the perimeter
of individual rooms internally or externally.
This length is required for foundations, walls and
associated items. 21
Measurement of Civil works…
Methods of taking off quantities for computation of girth;
Centre line method –suitable only when the cross
sections of all walls are symmetrical. In this method
centre line length is found and same is used for taking
off quantities (therefore only width and depth vary).
Crossing method – lengths and breadths of walls as
shown in plan are taken for working out various items
and this method is useful only if the offsets of footings
are symmetrical.
In- to- in and out- to-out method –some wall lengths
are taken out to out and others in to in (offsets are
added to out to out lengths) and same are deducted from
in -to-in lengths; used for any type of measurement
irrespective of condition of symmetry. 22
 Calculate the grith length of the given wall.

23
Lecture 4.2
 Technical Specification and
Method of Measurements for the
different trade of Works

1. For Building Project

 I. Substructure
 Any structure below the ground floor slab level including

the basement, retaining walls, ground slab, grade beam and

foundation is called a substructure.
 Substructure work categorized as follows:

1. Excavation and earthworks

2. Concrete works

3. Masonry works

24
 1. Excavation and Earth work
a. Site clearance
Carbonation elements are not good in concrete, steel and timber works.
In soils under structures even 5% of these elements will damage the
structure. Therefore, these materials (including trees, bushes and the top
20 to 30 cm soil), termite hills, any other obstruction have to be cleared.
 The removal of materials (including trees, bushes and the top 20 to
30 cm soil), any other obstruction from the site is called site
clearing.
 A working space of 1m is required on each side.
 Clearing site vegetation is measured in m2 and embraces bushes,
scrub, undergrowth trees.
 Removal of trees is measured as enumerated item
25
 b. Excavation(Bulk excavation)
Excavation to get reduced levels of every structural
element below the ground level is called bulk excavation.
Working space for bulk excavation is 25 cm (not used for
shallow masonry)
Depth of excavation less than 30 cm – measured per
m2 ,depth >30 cm per m3
Ordinary soil - with boulders and without boulders
Can easily be removed by shovel without problem.
Weathered rock –it can be divided easily without blasting
Rock- bedded rocks that cannot be dug without blasting
(requires using explosives)
 Excavation shall be measured in successive stages of 150cm
from starting level. 26
c. Fill /Embankment
 Shall be measured in m 3 of net volume to be filled. Fill is required
because the reduced level of every structural element above the
structure has to be covered. The subdivisions under fill are:
Back fill: - filling by using the excavated soil but by removing coarse
particles.
Borrow fill: - filling by using fill material from another place when
there is shortage of fill or when better quality material is required.
 Excavation and embankment should not be added at a time in
computing their volume, because their costs are different .
 Compaction is done usually at 20 cm lift thickness.

d. Disposal
Cleaning the building area including cart away. Measured in m 3.
e. Sundry items
Application of termite proof solution, providing hard coring, dust
blinding, expansion joints, etc.Measured in m 2. 27
 2. Concrete Works
Cast in situ concrete – formed on site
- Requires formwork and reinforcement
Prefabricated concrete –fabricated (manufactured) in a
factory and brought to the site
- Joined to make a building
- Does not require formwork
- Needs a special care when connecting the different
elements
- Fast to construct a building, though the different elements
may lack homogeneity.
Pretension (Post tensioned) Concrete
- Bending up the concrete itself to make it ready for the
downward. 28
 Concrete Works
Concrete ancillaries- windowsills, lintels, expansion joints
- permanent and temporary embedded material
- measured in ml or enumerated
Testing of concrete – destructive and non destructive tests
- Cylindrical/ cubical compressive tests to check the grade of the
concrete.
- Slump test
- Structural tests (e.g. Non-destructive test)
- Ingredient Material test
- Constructed elements shall be evaluated for verticality and
horizontality.
Accordingly, levels of floors slabs, beams, lintels, etc, intended to
be horizontal shall not slope more than 6mm in 3m. Errors in
plumbing (vertical elements) shall not be more than + 6mm in 3m
29
 Concrete Works
Grades of Concrete
 C5 - lean concrete, measured with m2

 C15- for totally supported structural elements 1:2:5

 C20- used for slabs; mix proportion is 1:2:4

 C25- Commonly used structural Concrete; mix proportion is 1:2:3

 C30-Used for chemical stores and nuclear plants

Shall be understood to include gauging, mixing, casting in place, and

curing. Shall be measured in volume except:
Ribbed slabs measured by area stating thickness
Grouting and filling which should be enumerated stating size
No deduction shall be made for voids up to 0.25m 2 in area. 30
Formwork;
A temporary structural element, which supports slabs, beams
in casting concrete.
Formwork shall be measured by area (m2), by
Specifying the type of material used and where to use (zigba
or steel)
 The net area in contact with the finished face of
concrete with no allowance made for passing at angles,
overlaps and intersections
Measurement is understood to include
 Construction and removal of formwork
 Making good of concrete honeycombs.
 Making good of concrete surfaces to attain the
standard of finish desired by the specified type of
formwork. 31
Formwork;
Period of removal (minimum):
1. Vertical formwork to columns, walls and
beams: 16 hrs
2. Soffits formwork to slab: 21 days
3. props to cantilever slabs: 14 days
4. Soffits formwork to beams: 21 days
5. Props to cantilever beams: 14 days

Normal finish, Fair face Finish and Patterned Finish.

32
Reinforcement;
 The reinforcement bars are tied by 1.6 mm mild
steel wire and measured in kg.
Bars diameter and position shall be specified
during measurement if reinforcement
w = (d2/62) * 0.222 Or
= (d)2 /162

33
 3. Masonry Works
Masonry works are works that are executed by laying building
material units of specified dimension by providing a binding
material such as mortar.
 Stone obtained from quarries shall be hard and sound,
free from vents, cracks, fishers, discoloration or other
defects that will adversely affect strength or appearance.
 Stone for below ground work shall be chiseled from natural
stone.
 Stone wall is measured by volume (m3), whereas stone
pavement is measured by area (m2), by specifying thickness.
 Stone chips to be produced shall not be less than 450 mm
average and 380 mm in individual length.
34
 II. Superstructure
Super structure is a structure above the ground floor
slab level.
 Super structure work may includes:

 Concrete work  Metal work

 Masonry work  Glazing

 Roofing  Electrical installation
 Carpentry and joinery  Sanitary installation
Finishing work  Fence work

35
 1. Masonry Works
Masonry Work for Superstructure may includes:
 Stone Masonry
o Concealed stone masonry wall
o Roughly dressed stone wall
o Dressed stone wall
 Concrete masonry
o Solid masonry units
o HCB- Hollow Concrete blocks
• (types A, B, C, AA, A-AA)
 Bricks
o Exposed
o Structural 36
Hollow Concrete Blocks (HCB):-
The standard thicknesses of HCBs are 10cm, 15cm,
and 20cm.
There are different classes of HCBs
Class A = 42 kg/ cm2 (for light loads)
Class B =35 kg /cm2 (for external walls)
Class C =20 kg/cm2 (for partition walls)
Class AA=70 kg/cm2 (for load bearing sub
structural works)
Class A-AA= 50 kg/cm2 (for load bearing super
structural works)
Class AA and A-AA shall be obtained from 0.1
aggregate not from pumice or red ash
37
Bricks masonry:-
Bricks are fire resistant, watertight and can also
resist compressive action of up to 200 kPa
The thicknesses of brick masonry are 25 cm (for
double layer) and 12 cm (for single layer)
Adobe walls
It is a mixture of clay, water and ‘chid’ with high
resistance to drying shrinkage and cracking
Stabilized soil block wall
It is a mixture of soil, water, and Portland cement, used for
low cost houses

38
Building mortar (binding material)
Ingredients of mortar are:-
 Cement: - usually Portland cement
 Sand:-crushed or river sand with diameter less than
4.75 mm
 Lime: -hydrated lime
The mix proportions are
• Stone masonry: -1:3 mix
• Brick and block masonry: -1:4 mix
• Compo mortar (lime): -1:2:9 mix

39
Method of measurement
 The unit of measurements are: -
 Stone wall by volume (m3)
 Stone paving by area(m2) specifying thickness
 Brick & Concrete Masonry wall by area(m2)
specifying thickness
 Deductions
 No deducts shall be made in masonry work
for opening up to 0.25m2 in area.

40
41
 2. Measurement of Roof Structure
1. Galvanized corrugated iron sheet (CIS)
CIS less than G32 cannot be used for roofing and wall
cladding of permanent structures but for temporary works
e.g. fence works, for provisional works
G26 G28 G30 G32 and G35.
G26 is the thickest
2. Galvanized plain steel sheet (GPSS)
GPSS is used for wall cladding, ridge cup, gutter, down pipes,
flashing, copping, edge trimmers etc; shall be to the size,
thickness and galvanization required; shall not be less than
G28;
G24 is usually used for gutter, down pipes; Overlaps
at edges shall be minimum 15 cm
42
3. Aluminum corrugated sheet for roofing and cladding
 The minimum thickness shall be 24 SWG (SWG =
standard wire gauge)
4. Roof clay tiles
 Tiles shall be manufactured in wet weather and prepared from
clay.
 Clay tiles shall show clean fracture when broken and shall not
be less than 10 mm thick
 Clay tiles shall be fixed to timber using roof, nails, the
holes in clays shall be pierced (using embedded in clay tiles)
5. Galvanized ribbed sheets ( EGA sheets )
 Usually used for factory, hall etc.
 Shall comply with the requirements of the manual ‘KASI’ or other
standards acceptable to the Engineer to the sizes, thickness and
distance to ribs.
43
Gutter and down pipe:-

 Gutter and down pipes shall be overlapped

min 15 cm and joints welded Roof clay tiles
 UPVC gutters and downpipes should be
fixed in compliance with the sanitary
installation section of the specification
 Gutters shall be laid to slopes as indicated
on drawings not less than 0.05 percent.

44
Roof construction:-
 Shall be given sufficient slope for drainage; Holes
for bolts shall be 5 mm larger (greater) than the
diameter of bolts and the hooks and 40 mm far
from the edges of the sheets
 Sufficient overhang or other means shall be
produced as weather protection for walls
 Shall be laid with end laps not less than 15 cm and
side laps not less than one and half corrugation;
 Vertical cladding shall be laid with end laps not
less than 10 cm and side lap one corrugation

45
Method of measurement:-
 Roof cover, side cladding, and the like shall
be measured by area (m2 ), flat over the
projection area without addition for slopes and laps.
 Ridges, flashing, down pipes etc shall be
measured by length stating girth (development
length) and without addition for laps, passing angles
etc.
 Fittings, such as running outlets, stopped ends,
offsets and connecting shoes, are enumerated and
measured extra over the pipe or gutter on which they
occur. 46
 3. Measurement of Carpentry and joinery works
 Joinery:- work on timber intended for finishing
purposes: like for:-
o For ceiling
o Wall cladding
o Flooring
o Door, window and wall panels
o Cupboards and counters
 Carpentry:- work on timber intended for structural
purposes; like for:-
 Columns
 Slab
 Beams and
 Truss.
47
 Structural timber:-
o Shall be made from eucalyptus, kerero,
zigba, tid, or other equivalent posts
o Shall be fabricated as per the detailed
drawings
o Posts should be well seasoned
o If buried underground or exposed to
weather they should be pressure
impregnated

48
 Method of measurements
Structural members other than truss shall be measured
by length stating size (eg columns, beams)
Roof trusses shall be enumerated stating type and
referring drawings (sometimes measured in meter
length)
Boarding, flooring, partitions, Soffits (ceiling), curtain
walls are measured by area and shall be understood as
including frames, corner lists and hard wares(hinge,
handle, lock )

49
 Method of measurements...
No deduction shall be made on curtain walls & panel
partition for openings.
Fascia boards, eaves, skirting shall be measured by
length stating girth
Built in furniture and cupboards shall be enumerated
stating sizes
Doors and windows shall be enumerated and shall be
understood as including jambs, frames, corner lists
and hardware as detailed in the DW schedule.

50
 4. Steel Structural work
Steel can resist compressive, tensile, bending and
Torsional stresses
Used for constructing Columns, beams, suspended
slab, truss, rafter
Mild steel products could be used as pure steel or
composite with concrete
The shape of the steel structure is determined by the
Structural Engineer. The sizes and shape shown on
drawing shall be specified.

51
 Method of measurement
Beams, trusses, columns and purlins, bracings, rails, etc.
shall be measured by weight (Kg), identified by profiles
and type of structures
Connection plates, base plates, angle iron ties, brackets
shall be measured by weight or enumerated stating
profiles and dimensions respectively
Anchor bolts are enumerated stating size and
development length

52
Metal work
Casement doors and windows
side , bottom, and top hinged
 LTZ frame
RHS frames
 Sliding glass doors & windows
 Heavy duty sliding door
 Guide and roller trucks shall be in mild steel in the
sizes specified
 Rollers shall be heavy duty and produced from
stainless steel and be provided at top

53
 Method of measurements...
Doors and windows enumerated stating sizes (the
glazing work shall be measured separately)
Curtain walls by area
Balustrade, rails, corner protection by length stating
development length
Security grills fixed to windows and doors by area as
detailed on drawings
Louvers enumerated in size stating number of blades
(louver jamb sets)
No addition or deductions shall be made for deviation
in measurement of up to 50mm in length, width and
height. 54
Lecture 4.3
 5. Finishing work
 The term Finishing includes operations associated with the
completion of the floors, walls and ceilings of a building.
 These are screeding, plastering wall, floor tiling,
wallpapering and painting.
1. Plastering and pointing works
The ingredients are:
- Cement, Lime
- Gypsum (such as plaster of Paris )
- Aggregate and water
 Surfaces to receive plaster, pointing or screed shall be
thoroughly cleaned and wetted
 If the thickness of plastering is greater than 2.5cm, it
may crack)
55
First coat: - mix proportion 1:2.5(cement: aggregate by
volume)
- minimum thickness of 5 mm
- spread by trowel , stretched off level and allowed to cure
for 24 hours before applying the second coat
Second coat: - mix proportion 1:1:6 (cement: lime:
aggregate by volume)
- 1: 4 (cement: aggregate by volume)
- max thickness of 12 mm
- dried for 21 days
Fine finish or fine coat cement plaster
- mix proportion 1:2 (cement +fine sand )
- max thickness of 3 mm
- shall be finished truly and level
- We use fine sand for smooth finish as final coat
56
Cement pointing
- mix proportion 1:2 (cement :fine aggregate)
- can be flush or recess pointing
Flush pointing: finished level and even to the wall
Recess pointing: depth not less than 5mm
Pointed surface shall be cement dusted or cement
pasted to form smooth surface and wetted for
seven days
Method of measurement
- plaster and pointing works shall be measured by
area.
- Internal and external works shall be measured
57
Floor and wall finish:-
Terrazzo tiles: -used for floor finish and skirting
- shall be precast or cast in situ elements
- shall have a minimum topping of two parts of marble or granite
chipping from an approved quality with one part cement
- the minimum grading of the chip shall be 5mm
- usually have a thickness of 2 cm
- shall be applied onto 3 cm thick cement screed bedding (specified
thickness )
Precast cement tiles
- produced from crushed aggregates (0.1 mm gravel) and sand mix
- minimum thickness shall be 20mm
- cheaper than terrazzo tile

58
Ceramic and mosaic tiles
- shall be glazed type of approved color , texture and size
- shall be 6mm thick for walls and not less than 15mm
for floors
- mosaic tiles shall be in regular square or hexagonal
sizes not exceeding 25mm in dimension of each size
PVC tiles
- usually thermoplastic
- the tiles and skirting shall be resistant to household oil
and acids
- the glue (adhesive ) for fixing PVC tiles and skirting
shall be in accordance with manufacturer’s instruction
- usually 2mm thick PVC tiles and 48 mm cement screed
is used 59
GLAZING
- glazing shall be measured by area
- glazing to louvers and special fixing may be
enumerated by stating size and thickness
- shall be understood as included: -Bedding, mastic, fixing,
beading, cleaning etc.
PAINTING WORKS
Painting shall be measured by area
- Special application to edges shall be measured in length
stating the girth
- Internal and external surfaces shall be measured separately
- Shall be understood as included:-
- Trimming, cutting, matching patterns, cleaning, priming

60
General rules of measurement;
 Work to attached beams is included with ceiling
finishes, whilst work to attached columns is included
with wall finishes.
 Finishes to isolated beams and columns must be
given separately as should work in staircase.
 The principal unit of measurement for wall, floor and
ceiling finishes is m2. Where the width does not
exceed 300 mm the unit of measurement is linear.

61
• Sanitary
Installations
• Electrical
Installations
Sanitary Works
All works in connection to the supply of potable
water and removal of solid and liquid wastes
Provide all material, as indicated in the drawings
and specified, labor, equipment, tools, temporary
supports, and related items required for the
satisfactory installation of sanitary works.

62
Sanitary Works
Pipes
Galvanized steel pipes
UPVC
Indicatedon the riser diagrams of drawings
Can be used for cold water supply
Usually used for solid waste and surface
drainage
Measured in meter linear stating dia.
Valves
Specified on drawings – giving material and size
Enumerated stating dia.
63
Sanitary Works
Precast concrete pipes
Solid pipes – for surface drainage and sewage
Perforated pipes – for subsurface drainage
Manholes for inspection
Made over granular bed or concrete bed with C-
20 concrete or Class A HCB.
Septic tanks, Soak away pits and percolation
ditches
Measured in accordance with each item of work
involved

64
Sanitary Works
Sanitary Fixtures Water heaters seal trap
WC Toilet roll
HWB Soap holder
Urinals Towel rail
Shower units Glass
Kitchen Sinks mirrors
floor drain
with shallow

Sanitary Fixtures shall be enumerated describing the

size and type of fixture

65
Electrical Works
Supply, erection, installation and testing
of electrical wares as generally shown on
the electrical drawings.
Work includes
Power, Socket, Light, TV, Telephone,
Bell, and Data Systems

66
Electrical Works
General
Underground cable ducts
Precast concrete - ml
galvanized steel pipes - ml
PVC pipes – ml
Manholes – enumerated stating size
Distribution Boards – MDB or SDB
Shall be enumerated stating power and voltage supply
Conduits for internal wire drawing - ml
PVC cables
Unless, specifically indicated otherwise, all cables shall
have copper conductors.
67
Electrical Works
light, power and socket outlets
Light and switch points
Socket points
Fan Outlets and switch points
Bell Points
Power Outlets
Telephone Outlets
Television Antenna Outlet
Outlet of specified rating fed through PVC insulated
conductors as shown in drawing inside thermoplastic
conduits of diameter as shown in drawing for recessed
installation including junction box with covers and
insulating caps.
68
Electrical Works
Outlets are enumerated and understood to include
chiseling, laying conduits and installing wires
providing junction box and insulating cups
Fixtures
Bell System
Fans
Air Conditioners
Light Fixtures
Fixtures are also enumerated
A complete and detailed layout drawing together
with the specification of materials used for the
works shall be submitted at the completion of
works. 69
Electrical Works
Sundry Items
Electric poles
Photo-voltaic Cells
Earthing
Lightning Protection System
Generator System
All should be installed according to EEPCO
regulations
They are mostly enumerated

70
III. Exernal Works, Services:
Includes pavements, parking, landscaping,
gardening, fencing and excavation and
earthworks for slope stabilization or drainage
ditches.

71
2. For Road Project
Earthwork Calculation
Generally all the Civil Engineering projects like roads,
railways, earth dams, canal, buildings etc. involves the earth
work.
This earth work may be either earth excavation or earth
filling. Basically the volume of earthwork is computed
from length, breadth, and depth of excavation or filling.
The various methods of calculating the earth work
quantities shall be discussed.

72
 For Road Project
Calculation of earth work for Roads:
Case 1) volume of earth work in banking or in cutting
having "no longitudinal slope.
*Quantity or volume = Sectional area * length.
Cross section of earth work of road or canal in banking or
in cutting is usually in the form of trapezoidal.

73
 For Road Project
Case 2) When the ground is in longitudinal slope or the
formation has uniform gradient for a length the earth work
may be calculated by the following methods
1. Trapezoidal formula: (for two sections) In this method
also called mean sectional area method.
Let A1 &A2 be two areas at two ends.
A1 = (bd1 +nd12)
A2 = (bd2 +bd22)
Am = (A1 +A2)/2
Volume of earth work (v) = Am ×L

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 ns ?
s t i o
ue
Q
END OF
LECTURE-FOUR
THANK YOU!
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