Me 259

ME 259
APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS
D.E.K. Dzebre
Department of Mechanical Engineering, KNUST.
dek.dzebre@yahoo.com
Apr 2016
LECTURE I
Course Introduction
Introduction Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Starting and Setting Up AutoCAD for a Drawing
#2
COURSE INTRODUCTION
 Engineering Drawings are a means of graphical communication in which ideas and
information are exchanged.
 Computers continue to enjoy a wide range of applications in many fields, including

Engineering Design, Drafting and Manufacturing.
 Computer Aided Design (CAD) sometimes known as Computer Aided Design and
Drafting (CADD), refers to the use of computers for a wide range of engineering
design activities, most importantly, drawing, analyzing and testing.
 CAD has numerous advantages; speed, quality, quick modifications, better

communication. #3
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 At the end of the course, students should be:
 familiar enough with AutoCAD software to use it in producing Engineering Drawings.
 able to switch to other CAD softwares with little training.
#4
COURSE OUTLINE
 Introduction to Computer Aided Design (CAD)
 Drawing in AutoCAD
 Introduction to 3-D Modelling in AutoCAD.
#5
INTRODUCTION TO CAD
 Development of the CAD concept began in the 1950s.
 Notable successes were chalked by pioneers such as Ivan Sutherland who developed the
“Sketchpad” to replace the traditional drafting board and other instruments as part of his
doctoral thesis from MIT in 1961.
 First generation CAD softwares were primarily 2D drafting softwares.
 3D modelling softwares started emerging in the 1970s.
 Presently CAD systems are used widely in industry for a wide array of functions.
 Examples of softwares include; AutoCAD, Ironcad, Solid Edge, Solidworks, CATIA,
Rhinoceros, Audodesk Inventor, Mechanical Desktop, Creo Parametric (ProEngineer),
SketchUp, NX (Unigraphics) etc etc etc.
 Most of the softwares today have both 2D and 3D capabilities.
#6
INTRODUCTION TO CAD
Advantages of CAD
 CAD drawings are easier to store and maintain
 The files are not susceptible to aging.
 Revisions are relatively cheaper and easier.
 Drawings can be reproduced and distributed faster.
#7
STARTING AND SETTING UP AUTOCAD FOR A DRAWING
 AutoCAD continues to be one of the most popular (if not the most popular) CAD applications
in the world today.
 It is reputed to be one of the first CAD applications to run on Personal Computers (PCs)
 A full version of AutoCAD has both 2-D and 3-D capabilities
#8
Starting AutoCAD
 One must launch AutoCAD to begin a new drawing.
 AutoCAD can be launched like any windows application is launched;
 via desktop shortcut
 via start menu
 Depending on how the software is configured, one of two things happens;
 A “Startup” dialogue box appears.
 The software opens into the a workspace.
#9
Starting AutoCAD – Startup Dialogue Box  Open a Drawing:
Enables you to browse to an existing drawing
and open it.
 Start from Scratch:

Enables you to choose units (imperial or metric) for
a new drawing. (The software opens with either
acad.dwt or acadiso,dwt respectively after this).
 Use a Template
Enables you to choose any of the saved templates
available to start a new drawing.
 Use a wizard:
More or less enables you to create a new template
 Click on cancel to go directly to the

Start-up dialogue box workspace with a default template.
# 10
Workspace Switching Menu The AutoCAD Interface Menu bar
Ribbon
(Tab
+ Panels)
Crosshairs (Cursor)
Graphics Area
UCS icon Command window
Status bar
Coordinates Display
# 11
Issuing commands in AutoCAD
 Commands can be invoked in different ways in AutoCAD:
Click on appropriate icon/Command on Tool bar, Panel or Dropdown Menu (on menu bar)
[Toolbars can be enabled via Tools → Toolbars → AutoCAD → click on desired tool
bar]
The command window – type in the command name or its alias with the keyboard.
Keyboard shortcuts (only in certain cases)
# 12
Launch AutoCAD, or if the software is already running and you want to start a new
drawing,
Icon Menu Command (Alias) Keyboard shortcut

File → New QNEW CTRL + N
# 13
# 14
Setting up for a drawing
This involves four main things;
 Setting Limits
(size of drawing area – grid only displays within limits)
 Setting Units
(length and angle units in what format to what precision, and how angle should be measured)
 Creating Layers
 Set up drawing aids

(grid and snap options, object snap options, etc)
# 15
Setting Limits
The command ‘LIMITS’ (typed in the command window) can be used to set the sheet size for a
new drawing (or template).
Sequence of Limits Command:

Command: limits
Specify lower left corner <0.0000,0.0000>: enter x and y co-ordinates
Specify upper right corner <420.0000,297.0000>: enter x and y co-ordinates
Setting Units
The command ‘UNITS’ (typed in the command window)
can be used to set the units for a new drawing (or
template).
 Units can also be changed by going to File → Drawing

Utilities → Units
 The Units command opens a dialogue box

Creating and Managing Layers
 Engineering drawings comprise different types of lines for different purposes;
continuous thick lines, center lines, etc.
 All the different types of lines in engineering drawings can be created and managed in
the Layer Properties Manager.
 An added advantage of using layers is that, lines can be hidden, locked to prevent
editing, among others.
# 18
Creating and Managing Layers
Panel/Toolbar Menu Command (Alias)
Format → Layer
LAYER(LA)
Tools → Palletes → Layer
 A dialogue box is opened when the command is invoked.

 Layers can be created, edited, deleted and in the dialogue box.
 Controlling of layer states and some editing (such as changing of colour) can also be done via
the Layers panel on the Ribbon bar.
 To change the linetype of a layer, click on the current layer linetype in the layer properties
manager dialogue box. Click on ‘Load” in the second dialogue box that opens.
# 19
Layer Properties Manager
Make selected Layer Current
New Layer Delete Layer
# 20
Line Types and Line weights (Layers)
Controlling Layer States
# 21
Setting Up Drawing Aids
 The Drawing aids include:
 Snap – forces cursor to snap to regular intervals locations (F9).
 Grid – gives a visual reference of units of length (F7).
 Ortho – forces lines being drawn to be strictly either horizontal or vertical (F8)
 Object snap – forces cursor to snap to precise locations on objects
 Dynamic Input – provides a command line near the cursor in the drawing area
 Lineweight – shows the weight of lines as created in layers.
 The drafting settings dialogue box can be invoked by right clicking on any of the
drawing aid icons and choose settings, or type ‘dsettings’ or ‘ddrmodes’in the
command window.
# 22
Setting Up Drawing Aids
 The dialogue box displayed can be
used to set the drawing aids as desired.
 It can also be used to turn them on or

off.
# 23
Try
Setup AutoCAD for a drawing with the following;
 Create a Template in metric units with sheet size 100 by 50 units.
 Set the grid to 20 units on the y-axis and 10 units on the x-axis and display.
 Set snap to 20 units on both axis and switch it on.
 Length units should be in mm to 1 decimal place.
 Angle units should be in degrees measured from the west in a clockwise direction.
 Create 3 layers having the following
 Layer 1 – centre lines, 0.3 mm thin, blue in colour
 Layer 2 – construction line, 0.3 mm thick, red in colour
 Layer 3 – outline, 0.7 mm thick, brown in colour.
# 24
LECTURE II
Specifying points in AutoCAD
Draw Commands
# 25
DRAWING in AutoCAD
 Drawings in AutoCAD comprise drawing elements/objects joined together to form the desired
objects being drawn.
 The objects can be created with various draw commands in AutoCAD.
# 26
DRAWING in AutoCAD
# 27
DRAWING in AutoCAD
 The elements are placed in the graphics area using the draw commands which may be invoked
via any of the means discussed earlier, where available.
 Commands have sequences (the step by step order in which actions have to be carried out in
order to successfully execute a command.)
 AutoCAD normally prompts a user to the next step in a sequence via the command window.
 Commands may also have options that can be used during the sequence.
 In creating objects, points must be specified in the drawing area, often as part of the sequences
for creating commands.
# 28
DRAWING in AutoCAD
1 Interactive pick Select points in the drawing area with a mouse
2 Absolute co x, y Type x and y co-ordinates relative to the origin (0,0)
3 Relative Rectangular @x, y Type x and y co-ordinates relative to the last point
Relative Polar @dist<angle Type distance relative to last point and angle value
4 relative to direction angles are measured from (east in
counterclockwise direction with default setup).
Direct distance dist, direction Type a distance value relative to the last point, indicate
5 direction with the cursor, then press Enter
# 29
DRAWING in AutoCAD
D C
X
A B
Each square is 1unit x 1unit
# 30
DRAWING in AutoCAD
Point Absolute Incremental/Relative Rectangular Relative Polar
(x,y) (@ x,y) (@ distance<angle)
A 0,0 0,0 0,0
B
5,0 @5,0 @5<0
C
5,3 @0,3 @3<90
D 0,3 @-5,0 @5<180
A @-3,0 @3<270
0,0
Note: relative polar co-ordinates are wrt default degree angle settings in AutoCAD
# 31
DRAWING in AutoCAD
H G
D C
F E
A B
# 32
DRAWING in AutoCAD
Point Absolute Incremental/Relative Rectangular Relative Polar
(x,y) (@ x,y) (@ distance<angle)
A 3,1 3,1 3,1
B 3,6 4,0 4<0
C 4,6 0,2 2<90
H G D 4,2 -1,0 1<180
E 5,2 -1,-1 1.4<225
F 6,3 -1,0 1<180
G 7,3 4,0 4<90
D C
H 7,1 -1,0 1<180
F E A 3,1 / close -5,0 / close 5<270 / close
A B Note: relative polar co-ordinates are wrt default degree angle settings in AutoCAD
# 33
DRAWING in AutoCAD
# 34
DRAWING in AutoCAD
Some Commonly used AutoCAD Draw Commands and their Sequences
The Line Command – creates a straight line between two points that will be specified
Draw Toolbar Menu Command (Alias)
Draw→ Line LINE (L)
Sequence
Command: LINE
Specify first point: (pick or specify co-ordinates for Point 1)
Specify next point or [Undo]: (pick or specify co-ordinates for Point 2)
Specify next point or [Undo]: Enter (to end)
# 35
DRAWING in AutoCAD
The Circle Command – creates a circle

Draw Toolbar/Panel Menu Command (Alias)
Draw→ Circle CIRCLE(C)
Sequence
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]:
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]:
# 36
Circle Command Options
3P Option
Sequence
Command: Circle
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 3p
Specify first point on circle:
Specify second point on circle:
Specify third point on circle:
Ttr option
Sequence
Command: circle
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: ttr
Specify point on object for first tangent of circle:
Specify point on object for second tangent of circle:
Specify radius of circle:
# 37
The Polygon Command – creates polygons of sides ranging from 3 to 1024 sides.
Draw → Polygon POLYGON (POL)
Sequence
Command: POLYGON
Enter number of sides <4>:
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]:
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>:
Specify radius of circle:
# 38
The Hatch Command – Fills an enclosed area with a hatch pattern or fill.
Draw → Hatch HATCH/_BHATCH
Sequence:
Once the command is invoked, the hatch creation tab become active. One can then select hatch
patterns and boundaries of space to fill to successfully complete a hatch.
# 39
The Hatch Command
Older versions of AutoCAD will
display a dialogue box when the
hatch command is invoked.
# 40
DRAWING IN AUTOCAD
500 mm
6 x 50 mm
# 41
LECTURE III
Display Commands
Modify Commands
Dimension Commands
# 42
DRAWING IN AUTOCAD
Display Commands in AutoCAD
 Often, drawings in AutoCAD comprise modified drawn objects.
 For this purpose, AutoCAD also had modify commands which help make changes to objects
that have been drawn with the draw commands.
 Like draw commands, modify commands also have sequences. And users are prompted in the
command line during the various stages of the sequence.
 Modifying sometimes requires a change in the display of the drawing area in order to make it
easier for modifications to be carried out.
 This can be achieved with the display commands.
 These include the ZOOM and PAN commands.
 The PAN command enables moving the drawing area around (sort of).
# 43
Display Commands in AutoCAD
The ZOOM Command
 Enlarges or reduces the view of a drawing on the screen. The actual size of the drawings are not
affected.
 Invoked by: Toolbar Menu Command (Alias)
View → Zoom ZOOM (Z)
 Some of the options under the Zoom command:

 Window – select area you want to zoom in on by drawing a rectangle around it.
 Extents – zooms to fit all objects drawn on the screen (produces largest possible view
of object)
 All – zooms to limits specified or zooms extents, whichever is greater
 Realtime – click and hold mouse, then drag it around to zoom in or out
# 44
Selecting Objects for Modification in AutoCAD
 In modifying, you have to select objects to modify.

 Objects may be selected before a modify command is invoked or vice versa.
 Selecting objects in AutoCAD can be done in a number of different ways. These include:
 Auto
 Pick – click on objects to select
 Window – click in open space and drag to the right. Objects being selected must be
within drawn window.
 Crossing Window – click in open space and drag to the left. Once drawn window
crosses an object, it will be selected
# 45
Some commonly Used AutoCAD Modify Commands and their Sequences
The Copy Command – enables duplication of objects already drawn.
Modify→ Copy COPY (CO/CP)
Sequence:
 Command: COPY
 Select objects: (click on objects to select, then press enter or right click)
 Specify base point:
 Specify second point:
# 46
Modifying Objects in AutoCAD
The Move Command – moves selected object(s) through a specified distance in a specified direction.
Modify→ Move MOVE(M)
Sequence:
 Command: _move
 Select objects:
# 47
The Mirror Command – creates a mirrored copy of selected objects .
Modify→ Mirror MIRROR/_MIRROR
Sequence:
 Command: _mirror
 Select objects:
 Specify first point of mirror line:
 Specify second point of mirror line:
 Erase source objects? [Yes/No] <N>:
# 48
The Rotate Command – moves selected object(s) through a specified distance in a specified
direction.
Modify→ Rotate ROTATE(RO)
Sequence:
 Command: _rotate
 Select objects:
 Specify rotation angle or [Copy/Reference] <0>:
# 49
The Trim Command – shortens an object to an intersecting object or between two
intersecting objects.
Modify→ Trim TRIM/_TRIM
Sequence
 Command: _trim
 Select objects:
 Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/eRase/Undo]:
 Select object to trim or shift-select to extend or [Fence/Crossing/Project/Edge/eRase/Undo]:
# 50
The Offset Command - creates a parallel or concentric copy of a selected object.
Modify → Offset OFFSET(O)
Sequence:
 Command: _offset
 Specify offset distance or [Through/Erase/Layer] <1.0000>:
 Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>:
 Specify point on side to offset or [Exit/Multiple/Undo] <Exit>:
 Select object to offset or [Exit/Undo] <Exit>:
# 51
The Array Command - creates a Rectangular or Polar (circular) pattern of existing
objects that are selected. The pattern could be created from a single object or from a
group of objects.
Modify → Array ARRAY/_ARRAY (AR)
Sequence:
 Command: ARRAY
 Select objects:
 Enter array type [Rectangular/PAth/POlar] <Polar>:
Array Creation tab should then be active. Enter the required information in the spaces provided and
you should have your array of objects.
# 52
The Array Command
# 53
The Array Command
# 54
The Array Command
# 55
Dimensioning in AutoCAD
Engineering drawings must be dimensioned.
Dimensions comprise; Extension Lines, Dimension Lines, And Dimension Text.
# 56
Components of a dimension.
Dimension styles control the looks and sizes of the components of dimensions.
Dimension Styles can be edited and created with the Dimensions Styles Manager which
can be invoked via;

Format → Dimension Style
DIMSTYLE
Dimension → Dimension Style
# 57
# 58
# 59
Dimensions are added to drawings with the Dimension Commands. These include;
The Linear Dimension Command
creates a vertical, horizontal or rotated dimension.
Dimension → Linear DIMLINEAR (DIMLIN/DLI)
Sequence:
 Command: dimlinear
 Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:
 Specify second extension line origin:
 Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Horizontal/Vertical/Rotated]:
# 60
The Aligned Dimension Command
creates a dimension aligned to the object.
Dimension → Aligned DIMALIGNED (DIMALI/DAL)
Sequence:
 Command: _dimaligned
 Specify first extension line origin or <select object>:
 Select object to dimension:
 Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]:
# 61
The Baseline Dimension Command
 continues a linear angular or ordinate dimension from the baseline of the previous or selected dimension.
 First extension line origin is specified once.

Dimension → Baseline DIMBASELINE (DIMBASE/DBA)
# 62
The Continue Dimension Command
creates a dimension that starts from the extension line of a previously selected
dimension.
Dimension → Continue DIMCONTINUE (DIMCONT/DCO)
# 63
Some Dimension Commands
The Diameter Dimension Command – creates a diameter dimension for a circle or an arc.
Dimension → Diameter DIMDIAMETER (DIMDIA/DDI)
Sequence
Command: _dimdiameter
Select arc or circle:
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]:
# 64
The Radius Dimension Command – creates a radius dimension for a circle or an arc.
Dimension → Radius DIMDRADIUS (DIMRAD/DRA )
Sequence
Command: _dimradius
Select arc or circle:
Dimension text = 25.43
Specify dimension line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle]:
# 65
The Angular Dimension Command – creates an angular dimension.
Dimension → Angular DIMANGULAR (DIMANG/DAN)
Sequence
Command: _dimangular
Select arc, circle, line, or <specify vertex>:
Select second line:
Specify dimension arc line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle/Quadrant]:
# 66
# 67
# 68
# 69
LECTURE IV
Isometric drawings
An Introduction to 3-D modelling in AutoCAD
# 70
Isometric Drawings
These are 2D drawings of a pictorial view an object.
Isometric drawings are created in AutoCAD using the same draw commands as in
normal 2D drawings.
Isometric drawings are easier to produce in AutoCAD if grid is changed to the “iso
grid”.
This can be done by using this command sequence;
Command: snap
Specify snap spacing or [On/Off/Aspect/Rotate/Style/Type] <10>: s (Style)
Enter snap grid style [Standard/Isometric]<S>: i (Isometric)
Specify vertical spacing <10>: (press enter)
# 71
Isometric Drawings
 There are three drawing planes to deal with in isometric drawings.
# 72
Isometric Drawings
Drawing planes can be switched with F5. (It is good practice for drawing commands to
be invoked before planes are switched)
Circles are drawn with the isocircles option of the ellipse (diameter option) command
Dimensioning is then with the same dimensioning commands.

However, to properly align dimensions,
Use the dimension edit command (dimedit)
Choose the “Oblique” option
Enter appropriate angle for alignment.
# 73
INTRODUCTION TO 3-D MODELLING IN AUTOCAD
 3-D drawings communicate ideas better than 2-D drawings in most cases (especially to
non-technical people).
 Wooden mock-ups and clay models were used before the advent of 3-D solid computer
modelling.
 Basic types of models that can be created in AutoCAD include;
 Wireframe models
 Surface models
 Complex 3-D models mostly comprise a combination of “Primitives” in AutoCAD.
 The primitives are basically the building blocks used to construct more complex solid
models.
 Primitives are combined with Boolean Operators to create more complex models.
# 74
3-D Primitives in AutoCAD
 These include;
 Box
 Cone
 Cylinder
 Wedge
 Pyramid
 They can be created with the appropriate commands which can be invoked via any
of the ways already mentioned at the beginning of the course.
# 75
 Combining of the primitives is done with Boolean operators. These include;
 Union – joins selected objects.
 Subtract – subtracts model(s) from other model(s)
 Intersect – creates a solid of intersection.
# 76
 To produce 3-D models in AutoCAD, one must first change from the “Drafting and
Annotation” environment.
 This is done via the Workspace Switching Menu (refer to “The AutoCAD Interface” in
lecture 1)
# 77
# 78
 Like almost all the commands in AutoCAD, each of the commands has a sequence which
must be followed when they are invoked. And the command window always prompts a user
as to what to do next to successfully execute the command.
 The commands also have options that can be activated as was been done before during 2-D
drawing.
 The sequence for the Box command for instance is;

 Command: box
 Specify first corner or [Center]: (specify point for start of diagonal of box’s base)
 Specify other corner or [Cube/Length]: (specify point for end of diagonal for base and <enter>)
 Specify height or [2Point]: specify point for height/enter value for height and <enter>
# 79
 That of the cylinder is;
 Command: cylinder
 Specify center point of base or [3P/2P/Ttr/Elliptical]: specify point for centre of the circular base.
 Specify base radius or [Diameter]: specify a point or enter a value for the radius and <enter>
 Specify height or [2Point/Axis endpoint]: specify a point or type in the height value and <enter>
For the pyramid (default creates a pyramid with a square base);

 Command: pyramid
 Specify center point of base or [Edge/Sides]: specify a point for the center of the base
 Specify base radius or [Inscribed]: specify a point to fully define the radius of a circle that would
circumscribe the base shape.
 Specify height or [2Point/Axis endpoint/Top radius]: specify a point or type in the height value
and <enter>
# 80
Combining Simpler Models to get More Complex Ones
UNION SUBTRACT INTERSECT
# 81
 Combining of the primitives is done with Boolean operators. These include;
 Union – joins selected objects.
 Subtract – subtracts model(s) from other model(s)
 Intersect – creates a solid of intersection.
 The Union command Sequence;

 Command: union
 Select objects: select objects to be combined and <enter>
# 82
 The Subtract command Sequence;
Command: subtract
Select solids, surfaces, and regions to subtract from ..
Select objects: select objects that that will be reduced after the subtraction and <enter> when done
Select solids, surfaces, and regions to subtract ..
Select objects: select objects that will disappear after subtraction and <enter> when done
The Intersect Command

Command: intersect
Select objects: select objects from which the solid of intersection will be created and <enter>
when done.
# 83
Some Other 3-D Modelling Techniques in AutoCAD
 You can also create some 3-D models from already drawn 2-D cross-section(s).
 This can be done in AutoCAD with the;
 Extrude Command - creates solids and surfaces by extending 2-D objects into 3D
space.
 Sweep Command - sweeps a 2-D cross-section about along a path to create a circular
3-D model.
 Loft Command - creates a solid in the space between 2 or more different cross-
sections at a vertical distance apart.
 Revolve command - sweeps a 2-D cross-section about an axis to create a circular 3-D
model.
# 84
 Extrude Command Sequence
 Command: extrude
 Select objects to extrude: select the 2-D shape to extrude and <enter>
 Specify height of extrusion or [Direction/Path/Taper angle]: specify a point or type in a value
and <enter>
 Revolve Command Sequence

 Command: revolve
 Select objects to revolve: select 2-D shape to revolve and <enter>
 Specify axis start point or define axis by [Object/X/Y/Z] <Object>: specify first point of line to
revolve about
 Specify axis endpoint: specify other point of line to revolve about
 Specify angle of revolution or [Start angle] <360>: enter value of angle and <enter>
# 85
# 86
 Dimensioning can be done using the same commands as in normal 2D drawings
 You have to change the UCS in order to be place some dimensions.

 Command: UCS
 Specify origin of UCS or [Face/NAmed/OBject/Previous/View/World/X/Y/Z/ZAxis] f
 Select face of solid object:
 Enter an option [Next/Xflip/Yflip] <accept>:
# 87
Generating Orthographic Views of Objects
 This can be done with the “Flatshot” command under the Section panel on the Home tab in
the 3-D modelling environment in AutoCAD.
# 88
Thank You
For any concerns, please contact

elearning@knust.edu.gh
elearningknust@gmail.com
0322 191132
Apr 2016

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ME 259

APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

 Computers continue to enjoy a wide range of applications in many fields, including

 CAD has numerous advantages; speed, quality, quick modifications, better

 familiar enough with AutoCAD software to use it in producing Engineering Drawings.

 able to switch to other CAD softwares with little training.

 Introduction to Computer Aided Design (CAD)

 Introduction to 3-D Modelling in AutoCAD.

 CAD drawings are easier to store and maintain

 The files are not susceptible to aging.

 Revisions are relatively cheaper and easier.

 Drawings can be reproduced and distributed faster.

 A full version of AutoCAD has both 2-D and 3-D capabilities

 Depending on how the software is configured, one of two things happens;

 A “Startup” dialogue box appears.

 The software opens into the a workspace.

 Start from Scratch:

 Click on cancel to go directly to the

Keyboard shortcuts (only in certain cases)

Icon Menu Command (Alias) Keyboard shortcut

 Set up drawing aids

Sequence of Limits Command:

 Units can also be changed by going to File → Drawing

 The Units command opens a dialogue box

 A dialogue box is opened when the command is invoked.

 It can also be used to turn them on or

Each square is 1unit x 1unit

Draw→ Line LINE (L)

The Circle Command – creates a circle

Draw→ Circle CIRCLE(C)

Draw → Polygon POLYGON (POL)

View → Zoom ZOOM (Z)

 Some of the options under the Zoom command:

 In modifying, you have to select objects to modify.

Modify→ Copy COPY (CO/CP)

Modify→ Move MOVE(M)

Draw Toolbar/Panel Menu Command (Alias)

Modify→ Mirror MIRROR/_MIRROR

Modify→ Rotate ROTATE(RO)

Modify→ Trim TRIM/_TRIM

Draw Toolbar/Panel Menu Command (Alias)

Modify → Offset OFFSET(O)

Modify → Array ARRAY/_ARRAY (AR)

Draw Toolbar/Panel Menu Command (Alias)

Dimension → Linear DIMLINEAR (DIMLIN/DLI)

Dimension → Aligned DIMALIGNED (DIMALI/DAL)

Panel/Toolbar Menu Command (Alias)

Panel/Toolbar Menu Command (Alias)

Dimension → Continue DIMCONTINUE (DIMCONT/DCO)

Dimension → Diameter DIMDIAMETER (DIMDIA/DDI)

Dimension → Radius DIMDRADIUS (DIMRAD/DRA )

Dimension → Angular DIMANGULAR (DIMANG/DAN)

Dimensioning is then with the same dimensioning commands.

 The sequence for the Box command for instance is;

For the pyramid (default creates a pyramid with a square base);

UNION SUBTRACT INTERSECT

 The Union command Sequence;

The Intersect Command

 Revolve Command Sequence

 You have to change the UCS in order to be place some dimensions.

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