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Acids & Bases

Natural sources of acids
 Acid
A substance which produces
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in
water. Eg
An acid is a proton (H+) donor.
 HCl + H2O →H3O+ + Cl –
 Bases

 A substance which produces hydroxide ions, (OH -)

when dissolved in water.
 A base is a proton (H+) acceptor
NH3 + H 2O → NH4+ + OH–
 Bases are either metallic hydroxides or metallic oxides
eg
 A soluble base is called an alkali eg NaOH, KOH, NH3,
Ca(OH)2
 Properties of acids

Physical
 They have a sour taste.
 Acids turn blue litmus paper red, methyl orange pink and
phenolphthalein colourless.
 Concentrated forms of strong acids are corrosive.
 Have pH less than 7.
 Acids conduct electricity when dissolved in water because
they produce ions--electrolytes
 Electrolytes

 Anelectrolyte is a substance that conducts

electricity when dissolved in water.
 They are essential for a number of bodily functions.
 Theelectrolytes in human bodies include sodium,
potassium, calcium, bicarbonate magnesium,
chloride, phosphate.
 Properties of acids

Chemical properties
 Reactive Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
eg Mg + HCl →MgCl2 + H2
Test for Hydrogen gas
Gives a pop sound with a lighted splint.
 Acid+ Metal Carbonate/metal
hydrogencarbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon
Dioxide
 Eg. HNO3 + K2CO3 →KNO3 + CO2 + H2O
Test for CO2
 CO2 turns limewater milky.
 Acids+ Base (metal hydroxide/metal oxide)
→ Salt + Water
This is neutralization reaction and is exothermic.
https://byjus.com/chemistry/neutralization-in-ev
eryday-life
/
Application of neutralization reactions in
everyday life
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=na_Mfadm9QQ
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmnT9jwX4gQ
 Bases

 A substance which produces hydroxide ions, (OH-) when

dissolved in water.
 A base is a proton (H+) acceptor
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH–
 Bases are either metallic hydroxides or metallic oxides eg
 A soluble base is called an alkali eg NaOH, KOH, NH3,
Ca(OH)2
 Properties of bases

Physical properties
 Taste Bitter
 Bases feel slippery
 Effect on indicators:
 Bases turn red litmus to blue
 Bases turn methyl orange to yellow
 Bases turn phenolphthalein to pink
 pH values > 7(8-14)
Chemical properties
 Bases neutralize acids producing a salt and water eg
 Alkali + ammonium salts →metal salt + ammonia + water.
KOH (aq) + NH4Cl (aq) Heat KCl (aq) + NH3 (g) + H2O (l)
 Test for NH3
It turns damp red litmus paper blue.
Types of oxides
 Strength of Acids and bases

 Strong acid/base is one which ionizes completely in water.

( produces large amount of H+/ OH-)
HCl → H+ + Cl-
NaOH → Na+ + OH-

Examples: Hydrochloric Acid, Sulfuric Acid,

Nitric Acid
Eg of strong bases: group 1&2 metal hydroxides
 Weak acid/base is one which ionizes partially in
water. ( produces only few H+/OH-)
Examples: Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH),Citric Acid
Carbonic Acid(H2CO3)
Egs of weak bases: NH3
 Strong acids/bases: These ionize completely meaning there is
nothing of the original acid/base left.

 Weak acids/bases: These react reversibly so they don’t ionize
completely. This means they have a mix of the original
acid/base and the ions.
pH Scale

 A scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution.

 It ranges from 0-14
Household items
 To distinguish between strength of acids & bases

Solutions of strong acids/bases of the

same concentration have a greater
electrical conductivity. This is
because they contain much more free
mobile ions to carry the charge.
 A strong acid has a lower Ph than a weak acid of the same
conc.
 A strong base has a higher Ph than a weak base of the
same conc.
 Strong acids/bases have a faster rate of reaction.eg