Chemical Reactions

• Result in one or more new substances being

formed from one or more original
substances
Chemical Reaction Indicators
Emission of light or heat

Formation of a gas

Formation of a precipitate

Color change
 Chemical Reactions

• Reactants:
– the substances that undergo change
– What you start with
• Products:
– the new substances formed
– What you end up with
• Reactants change to Products
• Carbon + Oxygen change to Carbon dioxide
 Products
Reactants
 Chemical Energy
• The chemical energy of a substance is the sum
of its potential energy (stored energy) and
kinetic energy (energy of movement). These
energies result from such things as:
◦ Attractions between electrons and protons
◦ Repulsions between nuclei
◦ Repulsions between electrons
◦ Movement of electrons
◦ Vibrations of and rotations around bonds
 Reaction Energy

All chemical reactions result in a change in

the chemical energy of the reactants as
they form the products
 Reaction Energy

• During a chemical
reaction, the atoms
in the reactants are
arranged into
products with
different amounts
of chemical
energies.
 Reaction Energy

•Chemical changes that give

off energy are called
exothermic reactions.

Chemical changes that

absorb energy are
called endothermic
reactions.
 Reaction Energy
• Why doesn’t natural gas burst immediately
into flame when it comes into contact with air?

• Why must matches be struck for them to light?

• To answer these questions you need to think

about what happens to the chemical bonds of
the substances during a reaction.
 Reaction Energy
• The bonds between the atoms in the reactants
must first be broken.
– For this to occur energy must always be absorbed
• New bonds form as the products are created
– Energy is always released as this happens
 Reaction Energy
Step 1: Energy must be
SUPPLIED to break bonds:

Step 2: Energy is RELEASED

when new bonds are made:

A reaction is EXOTHERMIC if more energy is RELEASED

then SUPPLIED. If more energy is SUPPLIED then is
RELEASED then the reaction is ENDOTHERMIC
 Burning Methane
CH4 + 2O2 2H2O + CO2

These bonds
must be
broken

:These
bonds
must
form
 Activation Energy
• The energy required to break the bonds of
reactants is called the activation energy.
• A diagram showing this is called an energy
profile.
 Activation Energy
Chemical Reactions must go over an energy hill like a car over
the mountains (Swiss Alps).
 Collision Theory
• For a chemical reaction to occur, the particles
involved must collide with each other.
• The collisions must be with sufficient energy
to overcome the activation energy ‘barrier’.
• The rate of reaction (how quickly the reaction
occurs) depends on the number of energy
sufficient collisions per time.
 Collision Model
• Molecules must collide in order for a reaction to
occur.

What factors affect the rate of collisions?

Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
• There are four main ways in which reaction
rates can be increases:
– Increase the surface area of solid reactants (crush)
– Increase the concentration of the reactants
– Increasing the temperature of the reactants
– Adding a catalyst
• Explain how each of these factors can increase
the rate of reaction.
 Surface Area
•Only the reactants that are on the surface of a cube are
able to react. They are the only molecules exposed to
other reactants. The greater the number of exposed
molecules the larger the number of possible collisions.
•Take a cube 2 X 2 X 2 cm. Find the total surface area.
•Brake the cube into 8 separate cubes of 1 X 1 X 1 cm.
Find the total surface area.
 Concentration
As the concentration of the reactants goes up the
distance between the molecules becomes less.
With less distance to travel the time between
collisions becomes less
 Temperature

The faster the molecules move the less

time it take for them to reach another
molecule
Catalyst
 Physical Equilibrium
• A dynamic state where the concentrations of all
reactants and products remain constant.
 Physical Equilibrium
• You can change the equilibrium point by
changing the physical conditions.
– Take the top off a soda bottle. What happens to
the dissolved carbon dioxide?
 Chemical Equilibrium
In chemical equilibrium, the
products break back down into the
reactants. The forward and
reverse reactions occur at the
same rate; the concentration of the
reactants and products remain
constant. You can cause the
equilibrium to shift by changing the
conditions such as temperature,
pressure and concentration
 Describing Chemical Reactions
• In a sentence
• Copper reacts with chlorine to form copper
(I) chloride.
• In a word equation
• Copper + chlorine  copper (I) chloride
• In a symbol equation
• Cu(s) + Cl2(g)  CuCl(aq)
The seventeenth century French chemist Antoine Lavoisier
performed experiments that indicated conservation of mass in
chemical reactions.
Lavoisier's experiments suggested that when tin is heated,
the white powder formed results from the tin combining with a
gas from the air. The increase in mass of the powder over the
tin was the mass of the gas.
Lavoisier revolutionized chemistry by basing his ideas on
accurate measurements.

Antoine
Lavoisier
(1743-1794)
The English chemist Joseph Priestley discovered a gas that
Lavoisier later named oxygen

Joseph Priestley
(1733-1804)

When oxygen combines

chemically with another
substance, the process
is called oxidation, and
the substance is said to
be oxidized.
 Describing Chemical Reactions
• In a sentence
• Copper reacts with chlorine to form copper
(I) chloride.
• In a word equation
• Copper + chlorine  copper (I) chloride
• In a symbol equation
• Cu(s) + Cl2(g)  CuCl(aq)
• In a balanced symbol equation
• 2Cu(s) + Cl2(g)  2CuCl(aq)
 Diatomic elements
• There are 8 elements that never want to
be alone. They form diatomic molecules.
• H2 , N2 , O2 , F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2 , and At2
• The –gens and the –ines
• 1 + 7 pattern on the periodic table