GENERAL PHYSICS 2

REVIEWER
WEEK 1: ELECTRICITY FORCE
AND FIELD
 ELECTRICITY – fundamental form of energy; natural force of free
flowing electrons.
 ELECTRIC CHARGE – Fundamental property of matter. Like
charges repel; opposite charge attract.
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN – discovered electricity using his kite
experiment.
 COULOMB’S LAW – by Charles De Coulomb, it states that the force
of attraction between two charges is DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL to the product of the quantity and
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the distance between them.
 FORMULA – F = k|q1q2| / r2
 Where F is the force of attraction in Newton, N ; k is coulomb’s constant
(8.99 x 109 N.m2/C2) ; q is the charge in Coulomb, C ; r is the distance in
meter, m.
 ELECTRIC FIELD – a vector quantity in Volts/meter, V/m.
 DIRECTIONOF ELECTRIC FELD – POSITIVE CHARGE - AWAY;
NEGATIVE CHARGE – TOWARD
 ELECTRIC FLUX – electric field lines passing through a surface. ΦE =
E⋅A or ΦE = E⋅A cos θ
 GAUSS’ LAW – it asserts that electric flux through any closed surface is
proportional to the charge inside. Φ = q/ε0, where ε0 is the electric
permittivity of free space.
WEEK 2: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
ENERGY
 Electric potential energy is the work required to transfer a
unit positive electric charge from an infinite distance to a given
point against an electric field. PEE = kq1q2 / r
 The unit of electric potential energy is Joule, J.
 ElectricPotential Voltage – measures the electric potential
energy per unit charge. Unit is Volt, V
 Capacitors – a device that store electrical energy in an electric
field It has 2 types: Spherical and Cylindrical capacitor.
Capacitance – property of a capacitor,
and it is the ability of a component or
circuit to collect and store energy in the
form of an electrical charge. Unit is
Farad (F)
Dielectric – its function is to store
charge and increase capacitance.
WEEK 4: ELECTRIC CURRENT AND
CIRCUIT
Electric Current – the rate of flow
of negative charges or the continuous
flow of electrons in a circuit.
Symbol of electric current is I,
while its unit is Ampere (A)
Current is measured in units of charge
divided by time or coulomb per second
(C/s) and given the name Ampere (A)
to honor Andrei-Marie Ampere in his
contribution in electromagnetism.
Formula: I = Q / t
 BATTERIES – the main source of energy that provides a
voltage which allows the current to flow through.
 Alessandro Volta – invented and develop the first battery
 Real Battery – modeled as an emf in series with an internal
resistance.
 Ideal Battery – always maintains a fixed potential difference
(a constant emf)
 RESISTOR – an electrical component that limits or
regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic
circuit.
 RESISTANCE - a measure of the opposition to current flow in
an electrical circuit in Ohms (Ω)
 Georg Simon Ohm – a German physicist who studied the
relationship between voltage, current and resistance.
 Ohm’sLaw – states that the current through a conductor is
proportional to the voltage across the conductor.
 Voltmeter measures voltage, ammeter measures current, ohmmeter
measures resistance and multi-tester can measure the three.
 Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws
a. 1st Law / Junction Rule – states that the current flowing into a
node (or a junction) must be equal to the current flowing out of it
b. 2nd Law / Loop Rule – The total change in the electric potential
around any closed circuit path must be zero.
 CIRCUIT – a closed path that allows electricity to flow from one
point to another.
 Series Circuit – a closed circuit in which the current follows one
path.
a. Its current always remain the same.
b. Voltage divides in parallel (V = IR) (VT = V1+V2+V3….)
c. Resistance (RT = R1+R2+R3…
 Parallel Circuit – has two or more paths for current to flow through.
a. Current divides in parallel (I = V/R1, V/R2, V/R3)
Total Current (IT = I1+I2+I3…)
b. Voltage remains the same
c. Total Resistance 𝟏/𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏/𝑹𝟏 + 𝟏/𝑹𝟐 + 𝟏/𝑹𝟑 …
WEEK 5: MAGNETIC FIELDS AND
FORCES
 Magnetic Field – a vector field in the neighborhood of a magnet, electric
current or changing electric field. Measured in Tesla (T).
 Formula and Units
Magnetic Force – attraction or repulsion that
arises between electrically charged particles
because of their motion.
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵𝑠𝑖 𝑛θ

a. F is the magnetic force in Newton (N)

b. q is the value of charge in Coulomb (C)
c. B is the magnetic field in Tesla (T)
d. Θ is the angle.
Right Hand Rule – based on the underlying physics
that relates magnetic fields and the forces that they
exert on moving charges
a. Thumb represents the direction of current
b. Index finger represents the direction of Magnetic
field
c. Middle finger shows the magnetic force
Curl Right Hand Rule – Finding the direction of the
magnetic force on a moving chagre.
Earth’s Magnetic Field
The largest magnet on Earth is the Earth itself.
William Gilbert – proposed that a compass needle
orients along a north - south direction in response to the
Earth’s magnetic field.
Compass – a device that indicates direction
The Earth’s North Geographic Pole is its South
Magnetic Pole, while the south geographic pole is its
North Magnetic Pole.
WEEK 7: MAGNETIC INDUCTION
 Electromagnetism – branch of Physics that deals with the
electromagnetic force.
 Hans Christian Oersted (1820) – a Danish physicist concluded
that an electric current could produce magnetic field using electric
current in a circuit and a compass.
 Magnetic Flux – number of magnetic field lines passing through a
given closed surface.
 FORMULA: Φ = B A cos(θ)
 Where: Φ is the magnetic flux in Weber (Wb), B is the magnetic
field in Tesla (T), A is area in square meter (m2) and θ is the angle.
Michael Faraday (1831) – hypothesized that a
changing magnetic field is necessary to induce a
current in a nearby circuit. To test his hypothesis, he
made a coil by wrapping a paper cylinder with wire
connected to a galvanometer.
Faraday confirmed that a moving magnetic field is
necessary for electromagnetic induction to occur.
 Where:
E – Induced voltage / emf in Volts (V)
N – is the number of loops
Φ – change in magnetic flux in Weber (Wb)
t – change in time in seconds (s)
Lenz’s Law – by Friedrich Emil Lenz, a statement that
an induced electric current flows in a direction such
that the current opposes the change that induced it.
 Inductance – a current generated in a conductor by a
changing magnetic field. Given a symbol L and measured
in unit called Henry (H) named after Joseph Henry.
 Voltage and emf – these 2 quantities are using the same
unit which is Volt (V). Their only difference is that emf is
voltage that produced externally to a conductor, while
an actual voltage is across an internal component in a
circuit.
 Back emf is also called as counter emf.
WEEK 8: AC Circuits and Machines
 Alternating Current (AC) – an electric current that periodically
reverses its direction.
- Commonly used in house and offices.
- Generating and transporting AC is relatively easy
- Can be converted to and from high voltages with ease by using
transformers
 Direct Current – defined as a unidirectional flow of electric
charge.
- Commonly produced by solar cells and batteries.
- Widely used in low current and low voltage applications.
 Impedance – the effective resistance of an electric circuit or
component to alternating current.
 Resonance - when one object vibrating at the same natural
frequency as a second object forces that second object into
vibrational motion.
 LC Circuits is a closed loop with two elements: Capacitor
and Inductor.
 Inductors – store energy in form of magnetic field.
 AC Circuits with CAPACITORS
 Capacitors
“conduct” current in proportion to the rate of
voltage change.
 theywill pass more current for faster-changing voltages and
less current for slower-changing voltages.
 Reactance in ohms for any capacitor is inversely proportional
to the frequency of the alternating current.