immune

system
Group 01
 IMMUNE
SYSTEM
made up of organs, cells, tissues and
molecules, that works together to generate an
immune response that protects us from
microorganisms, removes toxins, and destroys
tumor cells.
 INNATE
AND
ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
 INNATE
• a generalIMMUNITY
response that the immune system
has against foreign invaders
• non - specific
• no memory associated with this response

• includes physical and chemical barriers of

the human body
CELLS IN INNATE
IMMUNITY
• PHAGOCYTES • BASOPHIL
( macrophage, neutrophil ) • NATURAL KILLER CELL
• MONOCYTE ( NK Cell )
• MAST CELL • DENDRITIC CELL
• EOSINOPHIL
CELLS IN INNATE
IMMUNITY
PHAGOCYTE
• referredSto as eating cells
• engulfs foreign particles
• has two types
"Macrophages
& Neutrophils"
MACROPHAGES
• cells with irregular shapes
• can roam through tissues to
fight against foreign invaders
• releases cytokines –
signaling
CELLS IN INNATE IMMUNITY
NEUTROPHILS
• are granulocytes
• contains hestamines and other
substances
to deal with bacteria and fungi
• have receptors in their surfaces
which detects the signaling
immune cells from macrophages
CELLS IN INNATE IMMUNITY
MONOCYTES
• are not fully developed, though
can become either a neutrophil
or dendritic cell
• they become what they need to
become depending on the situation
in order to help fight against
harmful substances
CELLS IN INNATE IMMUNITY
MAST CELLS
• can be found in the connective
tissues or mucus membrane
• helps in the hwaling process of
a cut
• when activated, they release
cytokines and other substances
which causes inflammation like
histamine
 CELLS IN INNATE
IMMUNITY
EOSINOPHILS
• fights against parasites and deals
with allergic reactions
• they are granulocytes – the
process of releasing granules needs
to be regulated
CELLS IN INNATE
IMMUNITY
BASOPHILS
• are granulocytes
• drives a body's reaction to allergens
• a high basophil levels indicates
health concerns
(e.g. autoimmune disease / allergic
reaction)
 CELLS IN INNATE
IMMUNITY
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
( NK CELLS )

• detects a cells that is infected by a

pathogen to trigger a process called
"apoptosis" (cellular death)
• has granules that release perforins and
granzymes
CELLS IN INNATE IMMUNITY
DENDRITIC CELLS
• also called as antigen-presemting cells
• present in tissues that are directly in
contact with the external environment,
identifying pathogens and present
them
to the rest of the immune system to
trigger a non-specific inflammatory
response.
• often seen as a bridge between the
ADaptive immunity
 ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
• Highly specific for each invader. The cells for this
type have receptors that differentiate one pathogen
from another by their unique parts called antigens.
• The longer it reacts to a specific pathogen, the more
precise it is done.
• Involves Humoral and Cell-mediated immune
response ( B cell, T cell, Antigen presenting cells )
INFLAMMATORY
RESPONSE
DETAIL
 INFLAMMATION

• Inflammation is a biological response of the

immune system that can be triggered by a
variety of factors, including pathogens, damaged
cells and toxic compounds.
INFLAMMATORY
• is the coordinate activation of signaling
RESPONSE
pathways that regulate inflammatory mediator
levels in resident tissue cells and inflammatory
cells recruited from the blood
• is initiated within hours of infection or
wounding and is characterized by edema, or
swelling, heat, redness, and pain at the site of
an infection or injury.
 UNDERSTANDING
LYMPHOCYTES AND THEIR
ROLE
IN THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
UNDERSTANDING
LYMPHOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES
• a type of immune cell or white blood cell which helps
fight against diseases and infections

• Lymphocyte levels vary depending on your age, race, sex, altitude an

lifestyle,
UNDERSTANDING
LYMPHOCYTES
TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES
• T cells and B cells are two main types of
lymphocytes.
• B cells produce antibody molecules to destroy
invading
viruses or bacteria.
• T cells are direct fighters of foreign invaders and
produce cytokines to activate other immune system
UNDERSTANDING LYMPHOCYTES
WHERE ARE LYMPHOCYTES
LOCATED?
• They develop in the bone marrow. When they
mature, they exit into your bloodstream. They are also
found in your blood and in the lymphatic system.
UNDERSTANDING LYMPHOCYTES
NORMAL RANGE OF
• In adults, theLYMPHOCYTES
normal range between 1,000 to 4,800
in every 1 microliter of blood.
• In children, the normal range is between 3,000 to
9,500 in every 1 microliter of blood.

NOTE: In about 20%to 40% of your white blood cells

are lymphocytes.
UNDERSTANDING
LYMPHOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTOS
IS
• high level of lymphocyte
• occurs when our body produces more
lymphocytes to fight infections and diseases
• Hepatitis and Leukemia are examples of high
level lymphocytes.
UNDERSTANDING
LYMPHOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTOPEN
• IA
low level of lymphocyte
Your
• caused paragraph
by flu or mild infections
text
• HIV or AIDS and Tuberculosis are
examples of lymphocytopenia.
 UNDERSTANDING
LYMPHOCYTES
COMMON SYMPTOMS OF
LYMPHOCYTE CONDITIONS
• High lymphocyte count may indicate a blood
disorder
or cancer.
• Lymphocyte count can be taken during a normal
blood
test at a healthcare provider's office
B CELLS and T CELLS
B CELLS and T CELLS
• B cells and T cells are the types of lymphocytes and are
the fundamental cells of adaptive immunity.
• Involved in the acquired or antigen specific immune
response
• Are both white blood cells that have protective roles of
fighting infections
• There are different types of b cells and t cells but they all
originated in one cell called hematopoietic stem cell which
originates from bone marrow or the blood cell factory
T CELLS VS. B CELLS
 T CELLS
• are essential to both your immune system and overall
health
• stimulates b cells to make antibodies and help killer
cells
develop
• directly kill cells that have already been infected by a
foreign invader
 B CELLS
• have the ability to transform into plasmocytes ( white
blood cells producing antibodies ) and are responsible
for
producing antibodies
• present in lymph nodes
• contributes to inflammatory pathways directly
T CELLS VS. B CELLS
While B-cells produce antibodies to fight infection,
T-cells protect people from getting infected by
destroying cancerous and infected cells. B-cells are
also far more likely than T-cells to mutate into a
liquid cancer such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia
(CLL) or B-cell lymphoma
ANTIGEN and ANTIBODIES
 ANTIGE
N
• is a foreign substance that enters your body and triggers
immune response
• includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, allergens, venom and other
various toxins.
• have very specific shapes
• different types of pathogens have different kinds of antigens in
their surfaces
• when the immune system detects antigen, white blood cells
respond by producing antibodies
 ANTI
BODY
• are special y-shaped proteins that are made with a specific shape to
match the antigen detected.
• are marking flags that latch on the antigens like how key latches on
its
specific lock
• pathogens that have been flagged by antibodies are then destroyed by
special white blood cells
• the antibody you've produced to flag with one type of pathogen
would not
be effective against another (e.g., antibodies that flag measles virus
would
 B CELLS
• have the ability to transform into plasmocytes ( white
blood cells producing antibodies ) and are responsible
for
producing antibodies
• present in lymph nodes
• contributes to inflammatory pathways directly
 TYPES OF
an antigen ANTIBODIES
IgM - first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to

IgG - major antibody produced

IgA - the important antibody for mucosal immune response

IgE - associated with allergic reactions

IgD - class of antibodies present as an antigen receptor on most

cell surfaces and predominant on human B cells.
 ANTI
BODY
• are special y-shaped proteins that are made with a specific shape to
match the antigen detected.
• are marking flags that latch on the antigens like how key latches on
its
specific lock
• pathogens that have been flagged by antibodies are then destroyed by
special white blood cells
• the antibody you've produced to flag with one type of pathogen
would not
be effective against another (e.g., antibodies that flag measles virus
would
 HUMORAL AND
CELL-MEDIATED
IMMUNE RESPONSES
 HUMORAL IMMUNE
RESPONSE
Major point: B cells produce antibodies
PROCES
S:
1. Person is exposed to a pathogen
2. Membrane-bound antibodies of a B cell will bind to a
pathogen
3. Pathogen engulfed by a B cell and broken down
4. Antigen of the pathogen displayed on the B cell
5. Helper T cell binds to the antigen-presenting B cell
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
Major point: B cells produce antibodies

PROCES
S:
6. Proteins activate the B cell
7. B cell divides into:
a. Memory B cells
• used to fight pathogen in the future
b. Active B cells
• produces antibodies to attack the
pathogen
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE
Major point:RESPONSE
T cells will desteroy infected cells

PROCES
S:
1. Person is exposed to a pathogen
2. Pathogen enters/infects a body cell
3. Antigens of the pathogen are displayed on the
infected cell
4. Phagocyte swallow and destroy a pathogen
5. Phagocyte displays the antigen of a pathogen
(antigen-displaying phagocyte)
 HUMORAL IMMUNE
RESPONSE
Major point: B cells produce antibodies
PROCES
S:
1. Person is exposed to a pathogen
2. Membrane-bound antibodies of a B cell will bind to a
pathogen
3. Pathogen engulfed by a B cell and broken down
4. Antigen of the pathogen displayed on the B cell
5. Helper T cell binds to the antigen-presenting B cell
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE
Major point: B cells produce antibodies

PROCES
S:
6. Proteins activate the B cell
7. B cell divides into:
a. Memory B cells
• used to fight pathogen in the future
b. Active B cells
• produces antibodies to attack the
pathogen
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
Major point: T cells will desteroy infected cells
PROCES
S:
6. Activated T cell binds to the antigen-displaying
phagocyte
7. Proteins will activate the T cell and it will divide
into:
a. Memory T cells
• used to fights the pathogen in the future
b. Active (plasma) T cells
• binds to the infected body cells
• releases proteins and enzymes to destroy
IMMUNOLOGICAL
MEMORY
PRIMARY & SECONDARY
RESPONSES
 IMMUNOLOGICAL
MEMORY
• the ability of the immune system to
respond more rapidly and effectively to
pathogens that have been encountered
previously.
IMMUNOLOGICAL
MEMORY
IMMUNOLOGICAL
MEMORY
PRIMARY IMMUNE
PROCES RESPONSE
S:
• occurs when an antigen comes in contact with the immune
system for the first time
• the immune system learns to recognize the antigen and how to
make antibodies against it and eventually produces memory
lymphocytes ( memory cell ).
• usually produces low amount of antibodies
• takes longer time to establish immunity
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
Major point: T cells will desteroy infected cells
PROCES
S:
6. Activated T cell binds to the antigen-displaying
phagocyte
7. Proteins will activate the T cell and it will divide
into:
a. Memory T cells
• used to fights the pathogen in the future
b. Active (plasma) T cells
• binds to the infected body cells
• releases proteins and enzymes to destroy
 IMMUNOLOGICAL
MEMORY
SECONDARY IMMUNE
RESPONSE
• occurs when the immune system comes in contact with the
same antigen for the 2nd time (3rd, 4th, etc.).
• immunological memory has been established and the
immunity
can start making antibodies immediately
• produces high amount of antibodies
• takes shorter time to establish immunity
IMMUNOLOGICAL
MEMORY
 BLOOD
TYPES/GROUPS
 Blood typeS

• There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB

and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit
from your parents. Each group can be either RhD positive or
RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups.
Blood Types Antigen Antibodies Compatible with:

A A Antigen Anti-B A&O

B B Antigen Anti-A B&O

A A&B None A, B, AB, &

B Antigen O
Anti-A & Anti-
O None B O
COMMON
DISEASES
 COMMON DISEASES
ASTHM
Asthma is a chronic lung A Symptoms can include
disease affecting people of all coughing, wheezing, shortness
ages. It is caused by of breath and chest tightness.
inflammation and muscle These symptoms can be mild
tightening around the airways, or severe and can come and go
which makes it harder to over time.
breathe.
 COMMON DISEASES
TYPE 1 DIABETES
Type 1 diabetes is an Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes
autoimmune condition where include excessive thirst,
the immune system frequent urination,
mistakenly attacks and unexplained weight loss,
destroys insulin-producing increased hunger, fatigue, and
beta cells in the pancreas. blurred vision.
 COMMON DISEASES
RHEUMATOID
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)ARTHRITIS
is an Symptoms of rheumatoid
autoimmune disorder arthritis include joint pain,
characterized by chronic morning stiffness, swelling,
inflammation of the joints. The fatigue, and reduced joint
immune system mistakenly attacks mobility. RA typically affects
healthy joint tissues, leading to joints on both sides of the
pain, swelling, stiffness, and joint body, such as wrists, knees,
and fingers.
deformity over time.
 Thank
you!!
G12 - VELASQUES