HAEMORRHAGES

• It is loss of blood from a blood vessel.

• it is caused due to injury or accident which
result in the rupturing of blood vessels.
TYPES OF HAEMORRHAGES
1)ARTERIAL : The blood is bright red.
The escape is from both ends of
vessel.
2)Capillary : The blood is deep red in
color oozing over several hours can
result in considerable blood loss.
3)Venous : the blood is dark in color,
the rate of loss is much less than
arterial .
 Sign & Symptoms
• Restlessness
• Anxiety
• Pulse rate slightly increase
• Pallor
• Patient feel thirsty
• Dryness of mouth
• Profuse sweating
• Blurring of vision
• Uncosciousness
EFFECT OF HEAMORRHAGE
• The heart pumping rate increase
• Decrease blood volume
• Loss of red blood cell
• Cardiac output
 Aim
• Control bleeding as soon as possible
• Keep the wound clean & dress it
minimize blood loss prevent infection
• Arrange urgent transfer to hospital
 Management
1) Natural arrest of bleeding:
When the skin is broken & blood vessels
are injured ,bleeding starts, when
bleeding start, blood vessels contract &
from injured tissue & blood cell
thromboplastin is released which form
clot.
2) MINOR BLEEDING: This bleeding stop by
firm pressure with bandaging.

3)Major bleeding: it may be internal or

external. it result from injury to large blood
vessel .
4)External bleeding:
 Clean the area with clean cloth or pad if
available
 Give pressure over the area where the
bleeding present as to reduce blood loss
 Apply the bandage over wound & that
should be tight so that bleeding get
stopped
 Press over the pressure point firmly over
10 minutes, if the bleeding is not still
stopped.
 Give comfortable position
 Elevate the affected limb .
 Give fluids to the patient
 Reassure the patient
 Shift the patient to the hospital
• 5) internal bleeding: in this case
blood may be collected in the
abdominal cavity.
• Exa: spleen,liver,stomach,kidney etc
• Pressure can not be done internally.
• In this case patient feel pain over the
site of injury & swelling is also there.
 First aid of internal bleeding

 Put the patient on the bed & give

comfortable position
 Provide psychological support to the patient
& his relatives
 Do not give anything through mouth
because it may lead to injury & patient may
do vomiting
 If the patient is unconscious then turn
the head of the patient toward one
side so that patient may not aspirate
secretion
 There may be need to do blood
transfusion so that prevent shock
 Blood should collected from healthy
donor.
 Shift the patient to hospital
Hemorrhages' in special site
1. Epistaxis :Bleeding from nose
2. Haemoptysis:Blood present in
sputum
3. Haematemesis: Blood present in
vomiting
4. Melaena: Blood present in stool
5. Haematuria: Blood present in urine
6. Haemothorax: Blood present in chest
7.Haemoperitoneum: Blood present in
peritoneum
8.Haemarthrosis: bleeding in joint
9.Menorrhagia: excessive menstruation
at normal intervals
10.Haemopericardium: bleeding into
pericardium
11.Haematomyelia: bleeding into the
spinal cord
 First aid in Epistaxis
 Give psychological support to the
patient
 Give sitting position
 Loosen the clothes of the patient
 Pinch nose softly for 10-15 min
 Apply the cold compress over nose for
10-15 minutes
 Even bleeding stop take the patient to
the hospital.
 Ask the patient not to blow the nose
because it may increase bleeding
 Ask the patient to breath through
mouth