POINTERS TO

REVIEW
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT
• Crust – the surface layer of the earth.
• Earth’s plate – the broken up pieces of Earth’s crust.
• Plates – “float” on the mantle.
• Convection Current – current creates from the heat rising and
falling inside the mantle.
• Plate tectonics – is moved by convection current.
• Earthquakes – the movement of plate tectonics along fault.
• The movement of the Earth’s plate causes earthquakes and
volcanoes.
Method of Heat Transfer
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
• Conduction - defined as the process by which
heat energy is transmitted through collisions
between neighboring atoms or molecules.
Example: Heat from the Earth's core and
radiation from the Sun is transferred to the
surface of the Earth by conduction.
• Convection - involves transfer of heat by the
movement of mass, which is a more efficient means
of heat transport in the Earth compared to pure
conduction.
Example: In convection current, the mantle of the
earth moves slowly because of transfer of heat from
the interior of the earth up to the surface. This result
to the movement of tectonic plates.
• Radiation - is the least important mode of heat
transport in the Earth. The process of heat
exchange between the Sun and the Earth, through
radiation, controls the temperatures at the Earth's
surface.
• Magma - is composed of semi-liquid hot molten
rocks located beneath the Earth, specifically in
the melted mantle rock and oceanic plate.
• This molten state, when solidified, creates
igneous rocks found on the surface of the Earth.
• Lava – are molten rocks found on the surface of
the Earth once the volcano erupts.
Magmatism
• is a process under the earth’s crust where
formation and movement of magma occur.
• These happen in the lower part of the Earth’s
crust and in the upper portion of the mantle,
known as asthenosphere.
•Magma is formed through process called
partial melting.
•Partial melting - In this process, different
minerals in rock melt at different
temperature and pressure. Another factor
being considered in this process is the
addition of volatile materials such as water
and carbon dioxide.
Melting in the mantle requires one of three
possible events to occur:
• 1. AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE:
• Conduction in mantle happens when heat is
transferred from hotter molten rocks to the Earth’s
cold crust. This process is known as heat transfer.
• It happens at convergent boundaries, where tectonic
plates are crashing together.
Melting in the mantle requires one of three
possible events to occur:
• 2. A DECREASE OF PRESSURE: Mantle rocks
remain solid when exposed to high pressure.
• However, during convection, these rocks tend to
go upward (shallower level) and the pressure is
reduced. This triggers the melting of magma. This
is known as decompression melting. This process
occurs at the Mid-Ocean Ridge, an underwater
mountain system.
Melting in the mantle requires one of three
possible events to occur:
• ADDITION OF VOLATILES: When water or
carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks, flux
melting occurs.
• It occurs around subduction zones.
Metamorphism
•Metamorphism is the change that takes
place within a body of rock as a result of
it being subjected to conditions that are
different from those in which it is
formed. It is from the Greek word “meta”
means change and “morphe” means form.
METAMORPHIC ROCK
•is formed at the surface of the Earth
through the process of metamorphism
with recrystallization of minerals in rocks
due to changes in pressure and
temperature conditions.
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM
• A. CONTACT METAMORPHISM
• B. REGIONAL METAMORPHISM

• MAIN FACTORS OF METAMORPHISM

1. Heat and Reactive Fluid
2. Pressure