York University

Department of History
HIST 2710: History of East Asia: Fall/Winter 2022-2023

• Please note that there are audio voiceovers on some of these slides.

• If you see on this symbol at the bottom right of the slide,

click on it to hear the voiceover.
• Alternately, if you are viewing this presentation using “slide show”,
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• Lectures: this course will be offered online through asynchronous
delivery. Lectures will be by audio Powerpoint presentations that will be
posted on the course website in eClass on Tuesdays each week.
• Instructor: Cary S. Takagaki
• Telephone: the instructor will not be checking voice mail during the
pandemic. Communication will be through e-mail
• e-mail: takagaki@yorku.ca / cs.takagaki@utoronto.ca
• Office hours: there will be no face to face office hours. However, the
instructor will be available on ZOOM by appointment from 1-2 p.m. on
Tuesdays and can also be contacted by e-mail. The Zoom invite link for
office hours is available on the course website in eClass
Course Description:
This course explores how distinctive patterns of government, society and culture
emerged over four millennia in East Asia - primarily China, Korea, and Japan -
and how this endogenous development prepared those nations to confront and
challenge Western supremacy in the modern world.

Objectives of this Course

It is not possible to provide a comprehensive survey of the nations under
consideration in one academic year. Accordingly, the objective of this course is
not to cover every aspect of these countries in detail. Rather, this course aims to
familiarize the student with the major events, people, and religious/philosophical
trends of East Asia’s past and present that will lead to a better understanding of
the countries and peoples of contemporary East Asia.
Course Requirements:
—written assignment #1 (2-3 pages), due Tuesday October 31, 2023
(10%)
—written assignment #2 (2-3 pages), due Thursday January 9, 2024
(15%)
—research essay (8-10 pages) due Tuesday April 2, 2024 (25%)
—mid-term take home test; the test will take place during the
official exam period, i.e., December 8-23 (20%)
—final take home exam; the exam will take place during the official
exam period, i.e., April 12-27 (30%)
• NOTE: All written assignments are to be submitted
as Word documents to the course website in
eClass AND they must also be submitted to
Turnitin.com. The assignments are also subject to
an oral review before marks are assigned.
Students must keep a copy of their assignments
and essay, as well as notes and drafts, for their
own records, and be prepared to submit them if
requested.
NOTE: The point of these written
assignments is to help students develop
skills in being able to express
themselves in a clear and concise
manner. This involves knowing how
and where to find, and critically
evaluate, resource material and then
organize that material into persuasive
arguments.
• Accordingly, in this course, all work
should be completed by you and you
alone. As such, you are not allowed to
use generative artificial intelligence
(AI), such as ChatGPT and other AI
writing and coding assistants, to help
you complete, or to support the
completion of any of your work in this
course (e.g., tests and assignments).
 If you do not know whether an online
resource or tool can be used in this
course, please contact me for guidance.
Any use of generative AI in this course
will be considered a breach of the
Senate Policy on Academic Honesty.
For more information, please review
AI Technology & Academic Integrity: I
nformation for Students
Since this is an academic setting, it is
expected that all written assignments
meet a minimum standard of literacy (i.e.,
grammar, spelling, writing style).
Accordingly, those who are not familiar
with writing essays, or those whose
native language is other than English, are
expected to avail themselves of the
various writing skills facilities available on
or off campus.
For more information about the
various resources available to students
at the York University campus, visit the
following website:
• http://www.yorku.ca/laps/writ/
• Students are often frustrated by the emphasis placed
on grammar, writing style, etc., in the marking of these
assignments. However, the reader can only assess what
is submitted, and cannot “guess” at the meaning of
passages if they are unclear or ambiguous, hence the
need for clear, concise writing. Moreover, be aware that
good writing skills are not only an integral facet of this
course, but also have practical applications in everyday
life as they can give you significant advantages in
everything from filling out job applications to
expressing yourself on social media.
Conservative Party campaign
flyer, August, 2021
Penalties:
• It is customary in a university setting to impose penalties for late
submission of written assignments in order to be “fair” to those students
who have made the effort to submit material on time. Accordingly, late
assignments will be penalized 2% per day unless prior arrangements have
been made with the instructor or a valid medical excuse is provided.
• Make-up tests are allowed if the student has a valid excuse (this usually
entails a note from a physician). However, be aware that make-up tests
will be more difficult than the regular one on the premise that, (i) the
more obvious questions get used in the regular test, and (ii) the student
will have had more time to study than the rest of the class.
• Required Texts:
• Ebrey, Patricia East Asia: A
Cultural, Social and Political
History 3rd Edition (Belmont,
Ca.: Wadsworth, 2014) ISBN
13:978-1-133-60647-5. This
book is available at the York
Bookstore.
• All supplementary reading
material will be available online
through the York library
catalogue or the course
website. These are required
readings.
Course Website:
• This course uses eClass to post the asynchronous
lectures. The website is also used to provide
information on assignments, essay topics, etc.
Students are strongly urged to check it on a regular
basis.
• The website can be accessed through:
https://passportyork.yorku.ca/ppylogin/ppylogin
Course Schedule
• The following is a tentative schedule of lecture topics.
The interests of the class may result in certain topics
receiving more, or less, attention. Therefore, the topics
may not necessarily be covered on the dates assigned to
them.
READ OVER THIS PART OF THE SYLLABUS AT YOUR
LEISURE TO SEE WHAT TOPICS WE WILL BE
COVERING IN THIS COURSE
Additional Information for Students:
Tuesday September 12, 2023
—administrative matters
—survey of course
—early China and the Hundred
Schools of Thought [Ebrey, pp. 2-7;
chapters 1-2]
SUPPLEMENTARY READING:
—“Reading actively in history” pp. 27-31, in
Rampolla, Mary Lynn. A Pocket Guide to
Writing in History, 10 ed. (Boston:
th

Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2021) [THIS EXCERPT

CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE COURSE
WEBSITE]
 First of all, what is Asia?

• isn’t this self evident?

• just Google “Asia” and you’ll find
lots of definitions, maps, etc.
• BUT: Asia is more than just a place:
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/geography/geo_eastasia
.html

• okay, there’s a lot to read in this website, but the

point is Asia, and especially East Asia, is more than
just a place
• moreover, terms like “the East,” or “the Far East,” or
“East Asia” imply certain assumptions (i.e., “east” of
where??)
Although East Asia was/is comprised of several
discreet countries, there are several commonalities
in the countries of China, Korea, and Japan (e.g., the
Chinese writing system, the philosophy of
Confucianism, Buddhism, etc. ). Revisit this website
to sum up the commonalities:
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/geography/geo_eastas
ia.html
—China was the most advanced nation,
in terms of culture and technology, in
Asia
—for this reason many countries in Asia
adopted Chinese technology, as well as
cultural, philosophical, religious, and
ethical traditions
—as a result, China is the source of
many of the shared “commonalities”
found in East Asia
Romanization for translating the
Chinese language into English

毛泽东
Romanization for rendering the
Chinese language into English

• Wade-Giles
• Pin-yin 拼音
 Wade-Giles system
Developed by the English scholars
Sir Thomas Francis Wade and
Herbert Allen Giles in the mid to
late 19th century
—many now would find this system
problematic as it was created by
Westerners during a time of Western
imperialism
Pinyin 拼音
• developed in China the 1950s and
adopted as the international
standard in 1982
• used in mainland China, Hong Kong,
Macau, Malaysia, and Singapore
 Romanization for translating the
Chinese language into English
Wade-Giles Pin-yin 拼音

Taoism Daoism
Hsia Xia
Mao Tse-tung Mao Zedong

See Ebrey pp. xxiii-xxiv

For those of you interested in more
details about the Wade-Giles method
of writing Chinese, see the following
website:

• https://www.chinasage.info/wade-giles.htm
Library of Congress
Pinyin Conversion Project
New Chinese Romanization
Guidelines

http://www.loc.gov/catdir/pinyin/r
omcover.html
 Shang Dynasty

Traditionally: 1766-1122 B.C.E.

(your textbook gives the dates

ca. 1500-1045 B.C.E.)

[Ebrey, P. East Asia, A Cultural, Social, and Political History,

3rd ed. (Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth, 2014), pp. 10-15
B.C. = before Christ
A.D. = anno domini (the year of the Lord).
BUT, not all cultures recognize Christ as
“the Lord”!!

Therefore, now these terms are often used:

C.E. = common era
B.C.E.= before common era
An online time line of Chinese history

• http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/
china_timeline.htm

• See also the last page of your textbook

where there is another timeline chart
Sources of power

—wealth
—click on the 10 minute mark of this video
and watch about 2 minutes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRQKp_
vjVSY
Sources of power

—wealth
—military power
This 1 minute video shows the large
tombs of the Shang rulers, an
indication of their wealth and power

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1c7Ov2Ea4wo
Sources of power

—wealth
—military power
—ideology
 Sources of legitimacy for ruling elites in
China

“you can conquer a people on horseback, but you can’t

govern a people on horseback” (attributed to Kublai
Khan, though this was probably a Chinese proverb)

What does this mean?

You can only control people with brute strength for a
short period of time; ultimately you need ideology to
legitimize one’s rule
Oracle Bones
• Ebrey, P. East Asia, A Cultural, Social, and Political
History, 3rd ed. (Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth, 2014), pp.
10-12
A 4 minute video on oracle bones:
• https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-asia/imperial-china/sh
ang-dynasty/v/oracle-bone-shang-dynasty
Flad, Rowan K. “Divination and Power: A Multiregional
View of the Development of Oracle Bone Divination in
Early China.” Current Anthropology, vol. 49, no. 3 (June
2008), p. 403

Divination is a ritual practice

frequently employed as a source of
social and political power…In
ancient China, as elsewhere,
divination was the domain of ritual
specialists who used their skills to
mediate uncertainty…
What kind of questions were asked?

• Questions about military ventures

(e.g., will we be successful if we
attack a certain enemy?)
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A Sourcebook, 2nd ed. (New York: The
Free Press, 1991) , p. 4
What kind of questions were asked?

• Questions about agriculture

 Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A Sourcebook, 2nd ed. (New York: The
Free Press, 1991) , p. 4

As can be seen here, various diviners read the cracks on the

bone and came to different conclusions, but it was the king’s
prognostication that was supposed to be the most accurate
What kind of questions were asked?

• Questions about health

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A Sourcebook, 2nd ed. (New York: The
Free Press, 1991) , p. 4

It was thought that making sacrifices to certain

ancestors could cure illness
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A Sourcebook, 2nd ed. (New York: The
Free Press, 1991) , p. 4
 How accurate were the divinations?

• Hard to tell; if you made a correct prediction,

then you would keep the bone, but
inaccurate predictions were probably
discarded!!
• You could always have an ambiguous
prediction that could be interpreted in
various ways
How accurate were the divinations?

• BUT—in some ways accuracy may

not have been so important…
• divination is a tool used by
individuals for various purposes
• institutionalized as a state decision
making process, divination involved
elaborate procedures and was
restricted to an elite
Flad, Rowan K. “Divination and Power: A Multiregional View of the
Development of Oracle Bone Divination in Early China.” Current
Anthropology, vol. 49, no. 3 (June 2008), p. 403

“Where the practical mastery it [i.e.,

divination] involves is codified and
institutionalized, ritual specialists
control a body of knowledge and a
social status that may be monopolized
by elites and employed as a source of
authority and legitimacy.”
We all want to know the future,
and ruling factions, and even our
governments today in Canada
make predictions based on the
knowledge of “experts”
 “Ontario government plans to balance budget in
five years, with deficit now at $11.7-billion”
Globe and Mail, April 11, 2019

Ontario’s Progressive Conservative

government is charting a gradual path to
balance in its first budget, keeping a lid on
spending increases and promising to take
the province into the black only after the
next provincial election.
“Ontario government plans to balance
budget in five years, with deficit now
at $11.7-billion”
Globe and Mail, April 11, 2019
https://www.nationalobserver.com/2019/04/11/news/numbers-you-can-trust-
ontarios-finance-minister-says-first-budget

• “We’re transforming our government today,”

Finance Minister Vic Fedeli told reporters before
tabling the budget in the legislature. “We’re
reinventing our government–how we work, how
we think–we’re modernizing, we’re digitizing.
These are numbers that you can trust.”
Federal budget won’t be balanced until 2040, Finance
Department says
Global News, Dec. 21, 2018

The Trudeau Liberals promised during

the 2015 election to balance the
books by the end of their mandate –
2019 – after running annual deficits of
about $10 billion.
Federal budget won’t be balanced until 2040, Finance
Department says
Global News, Dec. 21, 2018

The federal budget won’t be balanced

until at least 2040, the Finance
Department said Friday,
Political Prediction Market:
Clinton's odds rise again
CNN, Tue November 8, 2016
• Washington (CNN) Hillary Clinton's
odds of winning the presidency rose
from 78% last week to 91% Monday
before Election Day, according
to CNN's Political Prediction Market
Flad, Rowan K. “Divination and Power: A Multiregional View of the Development of Oracle
Bone Divination in Early China.” Current Anthropology, vol. 49, no. 3 (June 2008), p. 403

“Where the practical mastery it [i.e., divination] involves is

codified and institutionalized, ritual specialists control a
body of knowledge and a social status that may be
monopolized by elites and employed as a source of
authority and legitimacy.”
The above refers to the ritualists of the Shang
Dynasty, but doesn’t it just as easily apply to
the predictions made by government
“experts” and pollsters today?
Zhou Dynasty
1045-256 BCE

Ebrey, P. East Asia, A Cultural, Social, and Political

History, 3rd ed. (Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth, 2014),
pp. 15-19; chapter 2
 A new source of power in China:
The Mandate of Heaven
• i.e., the belief that an emperor was given permission by
heaven to rule
(cf: the Divine Right of Kings in Western civilizations)

BUT: heaven can withdraw its mandate if an emperor becomes

lax or corrupt

“Mandate of Heaven” made simple, see:

https://china.mrdonn.org/mandateofheaven.html
From: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Dynastic_Cycle_.gif
The next two slides are a description of the
Mandate of Heaven from an ancient
Chinese text:
Sources of Chinese Tradition, DeBary, Wm. Theodore and Irene Bloom, vol. 1, 2nd
edition (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p. 36
“Shao Announcement”*

“We must not presume to suppose that the Xia

[the dynasty before the Shang] received the
Mandate of Heaven for a fixed period of years;
we must not presume to suppose that it was not
going to continue. It was because they did not
reverently care for their virtue that they early let
their Mandate fall”

* from The Book of Documents (ca. 4-5 centuries B.C.E.), one of the
“Five Classics” of early Chinese literature
 Sources of Chinese Tradition, DeBary, Wm. Theodore and Irene Bloom, vol. 1, 2nd edition
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p. 36
“Shao Announcement”

“Look at the former peoples of ancient times, the

Xia. Heaven guided, indulged, and cherished them,
so that they would strive to understand what
Heaven favours, but by this time they have let their
Mandate fall to the ground.”

For a complete translation of “Shao Announcement”, see, Nivison,

David S. “An Interpretation of the ‘Shao Gao’” Early China, vol. 20
(1995), pp. 177-193 [THIS ARTICLE CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH
THE YORK LIBRARY CATALOGUE]
 China

Neolithic

Xia Dynasty

The Xia Dynasty

ca. 2000-1700 BCE

Shang Dynasty
1766 BCE?-1045 BCE
(oracle bones; beginning of writing)

Western Zhou
ca 1045 - ca 722 BCE
(the Mandate of Heaven)

Eastern Zhou
ca 722-256 BCE
Confucius (ca. 551-479 BCE)
Chinese histories and literature
caution rulers to be righteous and
humane, otherwise they risk the
loss of the Mandate of Heaven,
and loss of the mandate could
express itself in natural disasters…
 Murphey, Rhoads. East Asia : A New History, 5th edition
(New York: Pearson Longman, 2010), p. 71
The Fall of the Han, from Romance of the Three Kingdoms (a 14th century C.E. historical
novel/romance)

Empires wax and wane; states cleave asunder and

coalesce…
The descent into misrule hastened in the reigns of the
two emperors who sat on the dragon throne about the
middle of the second century.
[Some years later] the earth quaked in Luoyang, while
along the coast a huge tidal wave rushed in which, in
its recoil, swept away all the dwellers by the sea…
 Traditional Sources of Power
in China:
The Mandate of Heaven

• did the Chinese really believe that heaven gave

certain people permission to rule?
• maybe some did, but even for those who didn’t,
the concept was a caution that even emperors
had responsibilities that had to be met
 Traditional Sources of Power in
China:
The Mandate of Heaven

Isn’t the Mandate of Heaven simplistic and naïve?

Maybe, but the concept of rulers being held to
account is profound, and one that we use to keep
governments in line today…
 Parliamentary showdown looms as Conservatives,
Liberals dig in heels over anti-corruption
committee
· CBC News · Oct 20, 2020

During a news conference in Ottawa, O'Toole said

his party's push to strike a so-called "anti-
corruption" committee to scrutinize government
spending, lobbying and the delivery of federal aid
programs is simply about holding the government
to account on possible misspending and ethical
lapses.
 Parliamentary showdown looms as Conservatives, Liberals
dig in heels over anti-corruption committee
· CBC News · Oct 20, 2020

Today, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said… "But it will

be up to parliamentarians and the opposition to
decide whether they want to make this minority
Parliament work, or whether they've lost confidence*
in this government's ability to manage this pandemic
and continue to govern this country during this
crisis.”
*substitute, “the Mandate of Heaven”!!!
 Traditional Sources of Power in China:
The Mandate of Heaven

• and, of course, the concept of the Mandate of

Heaven justified deposing an emperor and
legitimized the usurper (i.e., the usurper
wouldn’t have been successful unless Heaven
supported him!!)
 Traditional Sources of Power in China:
The Mandate of Heaven

—so this concept conveniently

legitimizes the position of both
ruler and usurper, which accounts
for why it was utilized by all
Chinese dynasties
 Traditional Sources of Power in China:
The Mandate of Heaven
—remember:
“you can conquer a people on horseback, but you
can’t govern a people on horseback”
—you can force people to submit to you with a strong
army, but eventually you have to explain why they
have to obey you
—this is your explanation: “I’m ruling over you
because I have a mandate from heaven”
 Confucius
Kongzi 孔子 (551-479 BCE)

K'ung Fu-tzu/Kongfuzi (i.e., Master

K'ung)

we’ve all heard about Confucius &

Confucianism before, but why is it
important for understanding East Asia?
 Confucianism

• were people in premodern societies really conscious

of the “religious” / philosophical traditions that we
attribute to those eras?
• perhaps some were, but even for those who weren’t
those traditions underlay some basic assumptions
they held in going about their daily lives, and these
help us to understand why people in East Asia made
the decisions they did
The founder of Confucianism was the
historical figure, Kongzi 孔子 (551-479
BCE)
a.k.a., K'ung Fu-tzu/Kongfuzi (i.e., Master
K'ung), i.e., Confucius

—for many of you these are just

unpronounceable names but don’t worry, the
names themselves are not so important for
our purposes—the point being made is that…
“Confucius,” is a Latin rendering of K'ung Fu-
tzu/Kongfuzi by 17th century Jesuit priests
(even the Jesuits were impressed by this
philosopher and showed their admiration by
Latinizing his name)
Confucianism: the ethical & moral
foundation of East Asian culture &
society
For a short summary of Confucius watch this video:

https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/confu
cius-confucianism-story-of-china/confucius-confuci
anism-story-of-china/

(relax, it’s only 4 minutes long)

SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS:
• —Confucius, a biography; full text of the Lun Yü
(The Analects) [THESE CAN BE ACCESSED ONLINE
FROM http://www.confucius.org/maine.htm ]
 The Analects 7:1

Confucianism is basically conservative and looks to the

past, not innovative new ideas, for solutions to
problems:

Confucius said,
“I transmit but do not create. I believe in and love the
ancients. I venture to compare myself to our old
P’eng.”

(P’eng: an official of the Shang Dynasty who loved to

recite old stories)
 China

Neolithic

Xia Dynasty
ca. 2000-1700 BCE

Shang Dynasty

Shang Dynasty
1766 BCE?-1045 BCE
(oracle bones; beginning of writing)

Western Zhou
ca 1045 - ca 722 BCE
(the Mandate of Heaven)

Eastern Zhou
ca 722-256 BCE
Confucius (ca. 551-479 BCE)
 The Analects 11:11

Confucianism is concerned with resolving day to

day issues before addressing spiritual matters:

Chi-lu (Tzu-lu) asked about serving spiritual beings.

Confucius said,
“If we are not able yet to serve man, how can we
serve spiritual beings?”
The Analects 7:20
Confucianism is not concerned with
spiritual matters
Confucius never discussed strange
phenomena, physical exploits,
disorder, or spiritual beings.
 The Analects 15:28

Confucius said,
“It is man that can make the Way great, and
not the Way that can make man great.”
The Five Relationships
(1) ruler-subject
(2) father-son
(3) husband-wife
(4) older brother-younger brother
(5) friend-friend
 The Five Relationships

Confucianism is intrinsically hierarchical and

believed that if we all played our roles in the 5
relationships we would have a safe and
harmonious society:
(1) ruler-subject
(2) father-son
(3) husband-wife
(4) older brother-younger brother
(5) friend-friend
The Five Relationships
(1) ruler-subject
(2) father-son
(3) husband-wife
(4) older brother-younger brother
(5) friend-friend
Will this lead to a perfect society?
 The Five Relationships
(1) ruler-subject
(2) father-son
(3) husband-wife
(4) older brother-younger brother
(5) friend-friend
So, a peasant (“subject”) has to pay his taxes and obey the laws
of the land.
BUT: this isn’t fair!! The ruler just sits back and reaps the
rewards of the peasant’s hard work
HOWEVER: The emperor has to be a good ruler (otherwise he
loses the Mandate of Heaven).
 Record of Rites
To be a woman means to submit
[9:24]

The Wife’s words should not travel

beyond her own apartment [1:24]
A woman does not discuss affairs
outside the home. [1:24]
Basic Terms, Fundamental Concepts and Thoughts of
Confucius
• Jen 仁 : "virtue", "humanity",
"benevolence", "true manhood", "moral
character", "love", "human" goodness,
"human heartedness”
 The Analects 4:5

Confucius said,
“Wealth and honour are what every
man desires. But if they have been
obtained in violation of moral
principles, they must not be kept.
Poverty and humble station are what
every man dislikes. But if they can be
avoided only in violation of moral
principles, they must not be avoided.
 The Analects 4:5

“If a superior man departs from

humanity, how can he fulfill that
name? A superior man never
abandons humanity even for the
lapse of a single meal. In moments
of haste, he acts according to it. In
times of difficulty or confusion, he
acts according to it.”
Basic Terms, Fundamental Concepts and Thoughts of
Confucius
• Jen: "virtue", "humanity", "benevolence", "true manhood", "moral character",
"love", "human" goodness, "human heartedness”

• Hsiao/xiao 孝 (Filial Piety)

 Scripture of Filiality 1; Hsiao Ching

The Master said,

“Filiality is the root of virtue, and
that from which civilization derives…
The body, the hair and skin are
received from our parents, and we
dare not injure them: this is the
beginning of filiality…”
 Scripture of Filiality 1; Hsiao Ching

“[We should] establish ourselves for

future generations, and thereby
bringing glory to our parents: this is
the end of filiality. Filiality begins with
the serving of our parents, continues
with the serving of our prince, and is
completed with the establishing of
our own character.”
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Chinese Civilization, A Sourcebook,
2nd ed. (New York: The Free Press,1991), p. 64: Scripture
of Filiality

We establish ourselves and practice

the Way, thereby perpetuating our
name for future generations and
bringing glory to our parents. This
is the fulfillment of filial piety.
Master Meng IVa.26.1

“There are three ways in which one may be

unfilial, of which the worst is to have no
heir.”
 Importance of education in
Confucianism:
Confucius tells us that, “the only way
for the superior man to civilize the
people and establish good social
customs is through education. A piece of
jade cannot become an object of art
without chiseling, and a man cannot
come to know the moral law without
education.”

Book of Rites (Li Chi)

Confucius’ ideal man:
‘a true gentleman,’ ‘the superior man’
(junzi / chün-tzu)
This concludes this week’s lecture.
Next week’s lecture:
• — early China and the Hundred Schools of
Thought [Ebrey, pp. 2-7; chapters 1-2], cont’d
• —China: “The Founding of the Bureaucratic
Empire”; the Qin Dynasty (256 B.C.E. – 206
B.C.E.); the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E. – 200 B.C.E.)
[Ebrey, chapter 3]