TYPES OF MICROBIAL INFECTION

FUNGAL INFECTIONS
• They are a diverse group of saprophytic and parasitic organisms.
• Human fungal diseases (mycoses) are classified by the location on or in the
body where the infection occurs.
• They are called cutaneous when limited to the epidermis, subcutaneous
when the infection penetrates significantly beneath the skin, and systemic
when the infection is deep within the body or disseminated to internal
organs.
• Systemic mycoses can be further divided into those that are caused by true
pathogenic fungi capable of infecting healthy individuals, and those that
are opportunistic, infecting primarily those individuals who have
predisposing conditions such as immunodeficiency or debilitating diseases.
 FUNGAL INFECTIONS
1. Cutaneous Mycoses (Dermatophytes)
• These common diseases are caused by a group of related fungi, the
dermatophytes.
• Dermatophytes fall into three genera, each with many species: Trichophyton,
Epidermophyton, and Microsporum.
• Clinical significance
• Dermatophytoses are characterized by itching, scaling skin patches that can
become inflamed and weeping.
• Specific diseases are usually identified according to affected tissue (for
example, scalp, pubic area, or feet), but a given disease can be caused by any
one of several organisms, and some organisms can cause more than one disease
depending, for example, on the site of infection or condition of the skin.
 FUNGAL INFECTIONS
• Tinea pedis (athlete's foot): a fungal skin
infection that usually begins between the toes. It
commonly occurs in people whose feet have
become very sweaty while confined within tight-
fitting shoes.
• Tinea corporis (ringworm): Lesions
appear as advancing annular rings with
scaly centers. Although any site on the
body can be affected, lesions most often
occur on nonhairy areas of the trunk.
 FUNGAL INFECTIONS
• Tinea capitis (scalp ringworm):-Disease
manifestations range from small, scaling
patches, to involvement of the entire scalp
with extensive hair loss.
• Tinea cruris (jock itch): Disease
manifestations are similar to ringworm,
except that lesions occur in the moist groin
area, where they can spread from the upper
thighs to the genitals.
 FUNGAL INFECTIONS

 Subcutaneous Mycoses
• Fungal infections of the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and bone.
• Causative organisms reside in the soil and decaying or live vegetation.
Mode of infection is through traumatic lacerations or puncture
wounds, or from the prick of a thorn.
• The subcutaneous mycoses are not transmissible from human to
human under ordinary conditions.
Examples
• Sporotrichosis:-
 FUNGAL INFECTIONS

3. Systemic Mycoses:- Cause by pathogenic fungi or opportunistic fungi

• Entry into the body is by inhalation of airborne spores, which germinate in the lungs. From
the lungs, it spread to other organs of the body where the fungi can invade and destroy tissue.
Example: Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis
i. Opportunistic Mycoses:- Occur in immunocompromised individuals, and are rare in healthy
individuals.
A. Candidiasis caused by Candida albicans, are normal body flora found on the skin, in the
mouth, vagina, and intestines
Examples: Oral candidiasis, Systemic candidiasis, Vaginal candidiasis
B. Cryptococcosis caused by a yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. It is found in the soil
containing droppings of birds (pigeons).
Example: meningitis, respiratory tract infection
C. Aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus
Example: respiratory tract infection
PARASITIC INFECTION
 PARASITIC INFECTION
• Parasitology: The study of parasites
• Parasite: an organism that lives in or on anther organisms (host) and obtains its food from host.
• Host: an organism which harbors parasite.
• The parasites are classified as:
1. Protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica & Entamoeba coli)
Mode of transmission:- Oral-fecal-route.
Entamoeba histolytica is the pathogenic organism causing amebic dysentery (stool is blood
stained and mucoid). Entamoeba coli is non-pathogenic
Signs and symptoms of amebic dysentery: In severe cases of intestinal amebiasis, the organism
invades the lining of the intestine, producing sores (ulcers), bloody diarrhea, severe abdominal
cramps, vomiting, chills, and fevers as high (40°C).
Diagnosis of amebic dysentery is by microscopic examination of fresh stool.
 PARASITIC INFECTION
ii) Flagellate: Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis and Trichomonas tenax
A. Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis, lives in the duodenum. The live cycle consists of two stages:
trophozoite & cysts. Transmission occurs by ingestion of the cyst in contaminated food and
water.
• Clinical Symptoms: ranging from mild diarrhea (watery, non bloody, foul smelling diarrhea (semi
solid: and greasy), abdominal cramps, anorexia, and flatulence.
Diagnosis of giardiasis is by microscopic examination of fresh stool
B. Trichomonas vaginalis (trichomoniasis) Trichomonas tenax normal flora
Pathogenic to human &causes vaginitis in women and infect the prostate gland males. No cyst is
seen
Mode of transmission
Sexual contact with infected person.
Signs and symptoms
Foul smelling, greenish- yellow, vaginal discharge with burning & itching.
Diagnosis of trichomoniasis is by microscopic examination of fresh urine, high virginal swab or
 PARASITIC INFECTION
• The major protozoal diseases that involve blood and internal organs are malaria
(Plasmodium species), toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma species), trypanosomiasis
(Trypanosoma species), and leishmaniasis (Leishmania species).
• Haemoflagellates: Leishmania & Trypanosoma
• Leishmania
causes visceral Leishmianiasis, Kalaazar and Dum Dum fever. It can also cause
spleenomegaly & hepatomegaly. In human the parasite exist in amastigote form,
while in the insect (Sand fly) it is exist as promastigote.
Diagnosis: Detecting Leishmania parasites (or DNA) in tissue specimens—such as
from skin lesions, for cutaneous leishmaniasis or from bone marrow, for visceral
leishmaniasis or from blood.
 PARASITIC INFECTION
• Trypanosoma
T.Gambiense and T rhodesiense: causing sleeping disease to human and the
mediated host is Tsetse fly.
T.cruzi: cause chagas disease, American trypanosomiasis.
Diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis is made by identifying trypanosomes in fluid
from a chancre, lymph node aspirate, blood and bone marrow aspirate.
 PARASITIC INFECTION
Trypanosomiasis life cycle
Leishmania life cycle
 PARASITIC INFECTION
• Plasmodium species causes malaria. The various species of Plasmodium are:
a. Plasmodium falciparum
b. P. malariae
c. P. vivax
d. P. ovale
Malaria is an acute infectious disease of the blood
It is caused by one of four species of the protozoal genus.
P. falciparum accounts for some fifteen percent of all malaria cases, and P. vivax for
eighty percent of malarial cases in the world.
Mode of transmission
The plasmodium parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of a female
Anopheles mosquito, or through blood transmission or contaminated needle.
Diagnosis
Microscopic detection of trophozoites or schizontes in the blood of infected person.
 PARASITIC INFECTION
• Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii it infects all vertebrate species, cat is its definitive
host.
• Mode of infection
Humans become infected by:
- ingestion of oocysts present in cat feces
- eating raw or undercooked meat
- congenitally from an infected mother
- from a blood transfusion.
• Clinical symptoms
Fever, malaise, rash, convulsions, blindness, too-small head and fluid on the brain (microcephaly and
hydrocephaly), and mental retardation.
central nervous system disorders, swelling of the heart wall (myocarditis), and swelling of lung tissue
(pneumonitis).
• Diagnosis
Serologically testing for IgG and IgM, direct observation of the parasite in stained tissue sections,
 Life Cycle of T. gondii
• Oocysts are passed in cat stool.
• Cats can become reinfected by consuming food
contaminated with the T gondii cyst.
• Other animals (such as wild birds, rodents, deer,
pigs, and sheep) may consume the oocyst in
contaminated soil, water, food, or cat faeces.
• Ingested cyst hatch into tachyzoites.
• Tachyzoites spread throughout the animal's body
and form cysts in nerve and muscle tissue.
• Cats become infected after eating animals that
contain these cysts.
• People can become infected by eating undercooked
meat containing these cysts, or drink water or eat
food or touch a cat’s mouth or cat fair
contaminated with infected cat stool.
• Infected mother may infect the baby in the womb.
• Rarely, people are infected when they have a blood
transfusion or organ transplant that contains the
parasite.
 PARASITIC INFECTION

• HELMINTHES (WORM)
• Helminth is a general term for a parasitic worm.
• The helminths include:
- Platyhelminthes or flatworms (Trematodes that is flukes and Cestodaes that
is tapeworms)
- Nematoda or roundworms.
• Distribution
• Helminths are worldwide in distribution; infection is most common and most serious in
poor countries.
• The distribution of these diseases is determined by climate, hygiene, diet, and exposure to
vectors.
• Infection
• The mode of transmission varies with the type of worm; it may involve ingestion of eggs
or larvae, penetration by larvae, bite of vectors, or ingestion of stages in the meat of
 PARASITIC INFECTION

CESTODAES (TAPE WORM)

Various Cestodes infecting man
1.Taenia saginata= Cow Tape Warm
2.Taenia solium=Pig Tape Warm
3.Diphyllobothrium latum = fish Tape Warm
4.Echinococcus granulosis=Dog Tape Warm
5.Hymenolepis nana =Dwarf Tape Warm
General Characteristics of Cestodes Infection
1. Mode of infection
• Adult cestodes are often acquired by ingestion infected fish or meat from intermediate hosts or food or
water contaminated with egg of cestodes.
2. Signs and Symptoms of Cestodes infection
• Diarrhea, abdominal pain, change in appetite, weight loss dizziness, vomiting, and nausea.
3. Diagnosis
• Based on identification of eggs and segments (proglottides) in stool.
4. Control is by sanitary disposal of feces and by education and treatment.
LIFE CYCLE OF TAENIA SAGINATA AND
TAENIA SOLIUM
Humans are the only definitive hosts for T. saginata and T.
solium.
1. Eggs or gravid proglottids are passed with feces into the
environment
2. Cattle (T. saginata) and pigs (T. solium) become infected by
ingesting vegetation contaminated with eggs or gravid
proglottids .
3. In the animal’s intestine, the eggs hatch and invade the
intestinal wall, and migrate to the striated muscles, where they
develop into cysticerci.
4. Humans become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked
infected meat.
5. In the human intestine, the cysticercus develops over 2 months
into an adult tapeworm, which can survive for years.
6. The adult tapeworms attach to the small intestine by their
scolex and reside in the small intestine.
Life cycle of Diphyllobothrium latum

1. Unembryonated eggs are passed in feces of

infected human
2. The unembryonated eggs develop into a coracidia
in fresh water.
3. Suitable crustacean (first intermediate host) ingest
the coracidia and it develop into procercoid larvae.
4. Infected crustacean ingested by second
intermediate host (usually a small fish), the
procercoid develop into a plerocercoid larvae in
second intermediate host.
5. This is the infectious stage for the definitive host.
6. Small second intermediate hosts are eaten by
larger predator fish that then serve as paratenic
hosts.
7. Humans (and other definitive host species) acquire
the parasite via consumption of undercooked
paratenic host fish.
8. In the definitive host, the plerocercoid develops
into adult tapeworms in the small intestine and
 PARASITIC INFECTION
 ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS LIFE CYCLE
1. The adult Echinococcus granulosus resides in the small intestine of the definitive host.
2. Gravid proglottids release eggs that are passed in the feces, and are immediately infectious.
3. After ingestion by intermediate host, eggs hatch into larvae in the small intestine and penetrate
the intestinal wall and migrate through the circulatory system into various organs, especially the
liver and lungs.
4. In these organs, the larvae become a hydatid cyst.
5. The definitive host becomes infected by ingesting the cyst-containing organs of the infected
intermediate host.
6. After ingestion, the protoscolices evaginate, attach to the intestinal mucosa and develop into
adult stages.
• Human as intermediate host
1. Humans are aberrant intermediate hosts, and become infected by ingesting eggs.
2. Oncospheres are released in the intestine, and hydatid cysts develop in a variety of organs.
3. If cysts rupture, the liberated protoscolices may create secondary cysts in other sites within the
body (secondary echinococcosis).
 PARASITIC INFECTION
HYMENOLEPIS NANA LIFE CYCLE
1. Hymenolepis nana eggs are immediately infective when passed with the stool. When eggs
are ingested by an arthropod intermediate host (beetles and fleas).
2. The eggs develop into cysticercoids, which can infect humans or rodents upon
ingestion and develop into adults in the small intestine.
3. When eggs are ingested (in contaminated food or water or from hands contaminated with
feces), the oncospheres contained in the eggs are released.
4. The oncospheres (hexacanth larvae) penetrate the intestinal villus and develop into
cysticercoid larvae.
5. cysticercoid larvae develop into adults in the small intestine producing gravid proglottids
which produce eggs.
6. Eggs are passed in the stool when released from proglottids
7. There can be autoinfection where the eggs released from the proglottids develop into
embryo which continue the infective cycle without passage through the external
environment.
 PARASITIC INFECTION
Nematode species
Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant (roundworms)
2.Enterobes (pinworm)
3. Trichuris trichiura (Whip worm)
4.Anchylostoma (Hook worm)
 General Characteristics of Nematode Infection
1. Mode of infection
- Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris Trichiura and Enterobius Vermicularis ingestion food or
water containing embryonated egg.
- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanusmature and Strongyloides Stercoralis mature
larvae penetrate unbrokening skin.
2. Signs and Symptoms of nematode infection
Pneumonitis, epigastric pain, mucous diarrhea, cough, dyspnea.
 Diagnosis is based on identification of eggs, larvae or adult worm in the stool.
 Control is by sanitary disposal of feces and by education and treatment.
Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris Trichiura and
Enterobius Vermicularis

1. Adult worms live in the lumen of the small

intestine.
2. A female may produce unembryonated oval
are passed with the feces. Unfertilized eggs
may be ingested but are not infective.
3. Larvae develop within the oval and the oval
become infective.
4. Ingestion of embryonated oval hatch larvae.
5. The hatched larvae invade the intestinal
mucosa, and are carried via the portal, then
into the systemic circulation to the lung. The
larvae mature further in the lungs.
6. Penetrate the alveolar walls, ascend the
bronchial tree to the throat, and are
swallowed
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanusmature and
Strongyloides Stercoralis

1. Oval are passed in the stool, and under favorable

conditions (moisture, warmth, shade), larvae
hatch and become free-living in the soil.
2. These released rhabditiform larvae grow in the
soil become filariform larvae that are infective.
3. On contact with the human host, typically bare
feet, the larvae penetrate the skin and are carried
through the blood vessels to the heart and then to
the lungs.
4. They penetrate into the pulmonary alveoli,
ascend the bronchial tree and are swallowed.
5. The larvae reach the jejunum of the small
intestine, where they reside and mature into
adults.
6. Adult worms live in the lumen of the small
intestine, typically the distal jejunum and start
producing oval.
 PARASITIC INFECTION
 Species trematodes (flukes)
1. Schistosomes (Blood flukes) three species (Schistosomes haematobium, Schistosomes msnsoni and Schistosomes
japonicum).
2. Fasciolopsis buski (intestinal fluke)
3. Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke)
 General Characteristics of trematodes Infection
1. Mode of infection
- Schistosome cercaria penetration of unbroken skin of human when we swim of walk in contaminated rivers and lakes
(Schistosomes haematobium, Schistosomes msnsoni and Schistosomes japonicum).
- Humans are infected by eating watercress or other aquatic plants contaminated by larvae metacercariae (Fasciolopsis
buski and Fasciola hepatica)
2. Signs and Symptoms of trematodes infection
fever, nausea, swollen liver, skin rashes and severe abdominal pain.
3. Diagnosis
identification of eggs in different clinical samples urine, stool and tissue
4. Control of trematodes infection
proper disposal of human sewage.
Life cycle of Shistosoma spp
1. Schistosoma oval are eliminated with feces or urine,
depending on species into fresh water. Oval hatch and
release miracidia.
2. The release miracidia penetrate specific snail
intermediate hosts and develop into sporocytes.
3. Sporocytes develop into an infective larvae cercariae.
4. the infective cercariae leave the snail and swim,
penetrate the skin of the human host.
5. It shed their forked tails and become schistosomulae.
6. The schistosomulae migrate via venous circulation to
lungs, then to the heart, and into the liver where it
develops.
7. It exit the liver via the portal vein system when mature.
8. Male and female adult worms copulate and reside in the
mesenteric venules, the location of which varies by
species.
• S. japonicum found in the superior mesenteric veins
draining the small intestine.
• S. mansoni found in the inferior mesenteric veins
draining the large intestine
• S. haematobium found the vesicular and pelvic venous
plexus of the bladder.
VIRAL INFECTIONS
 Viruses
• A virus is a tiny, infectious particle that can reproduce only by
infecting a host cell.
• Viruses "commandeer" the host cell and use its resources to
make more viruses, basically reprogramming it to become a
virus factory.
• Because they can't reproduce by themselves (without a host),
viruses are not considered living.
• Viruse are extremely small infective agents with genetic material Viruses
are divided based on:
1) type viral nucleic acid present (Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or
Ribonucleic acid (RNA))
2) the replication
3) Presence or absence of a lipid envelope.
VIRUSE LIFECYCLE
 Common Viral infections
• COVID-19
• Influenza (the flu)
• HIV, which can lead to AIDS
• Viral Meningitis (there is also bacterial meningitis)
• Viral Pneumonia (there is also bacterial pneumonia)
• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Hepatitis B &C
• Herpes
• Rotavirus
• Chicken pox
 Viral infections
General Characteristics of viral Infection
1. Mode of infection
• From one people to the other through coughing, sneezing or close
contact.
• From surfaces or objects that someone with a virus has touched (like
countertops, doorknobs or phones).
• Through vaginal, oral or anal sex.
• From a bite from an infected animal, mosquito or tick.
• From eating contaminated food or swallowing contaminated water.
 Viral infections
 Signs and Symptoms of viral infection
• Symptoms of a viral infection depend on where you're infected
• Flu-like symptoms: fever, head and body aches, fatigue.
• Upper respiratory symptoms: sore throat, cough, sneezing.
• Digestive symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
• Skin conditions: rashes, sores, blisters, warts
Diagnosis of viral infection
• Recognitions of Viruses in Clinical Specimens such as blood, sputum, swab etc.
• Control of viral infection
Eliminating nonhuman reservoirs, eliminating the vector, improving sanitation,
vaccination, washing of hands etc.
BACTERIA INFECTION
 BACTERIA
•Bacteria (singular bacterium) are very small, measuring few micrometers um
(10-6 meters) .
•Bacteria comes in wide variety of shapes and sizes collectively called morphology.
•The common shapes of bacteria are rod-like which is normally refer to as bacillus,
or spherical refer to us cocci.
•The second major criterial use to distinguish bacteria is based on cell wall
structure/thinness of cell wall.
•Bacteria with thin cell wall is known as Gram negative bacteria and the bacteria
with thick cell wall is known as Gram positive bacteria.
•Bacteria multiple by binary fusion.
•The bacterial growth curve represents the number of live cells in a bacterial
population over a period of time.
Bacteria growth curve
 Bacterial Pathogenesis
 Bacteria pathogenicity – It is the capacity of the bacteria to produce disease.
• virulence factors
• number of initial organisms
• immune status
The "objective" of bacteria is to multiply rather than to cause disease; it is in
the best interest of the bacteria not to damage or kill the host.
A disease ensues when the balance between bacterial pathogenicity and host
resistance is upset.
Bacteria cause disease by two mechanisms.
• Direct damage of the host cell.
• Indirectly by stimulating the exaggerated host inflammatory/ immune
response.
 SOME BACTERIA DISEASES IN
HUMANS
Bacterial Diseases in Humans Causative Agent
Pulmonary Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Diptheria Corynebacterium diptheriae
Cholera Vibrio cholerae
Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae
Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Syphilis Treponema pallidum
 Bacteria infection
 Mode of infection of bacteria
• Bacteria are transmitted to humans through air, water, food, or living vectors.
• Bacteria can also be transmitted through contact, airborne, droplet, vectors, and
vehicular.
Signs and Symptoms of bacteria infection
• difficulty breathing, persistent cough, or coughing up pus, redness or
swelling of the skin, persistent fever, vomiting, blood in urine, vomit or
stool.
Diagnosis of bacteria infection
• Culture of suspected sample (blood, urine, sputum, swabs, CSF, stool, etc.)
• Antigen/antibody testing etc