Modes of communication

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• In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate in one of three
different ways:
• Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to an
individual host
• Broadcast - the process of sending a packet from one host to all hosts
in the network
• Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to a selected
group of hosts

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 Transmission Modes in
Computer Networks

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Transmission Modes Contd…
• Transmission mode means transferring of data between two devices. It
is also known as communication mode.
• Buses and networks are designed to allow communication to occur
between individual devices that are interconnected.
• There are three types of transmission mode:-

• Simplex Mode
• Half-Duplex Mode
• Full-Duplex Mode
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Simplex Mode
• In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-
way street.
• Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit, the other can only
receive.
• The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel to send
data in one direction.
• Example: Keyboard and monitors. The keyboard can only introduce
input, the monitor can only give the output.

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Half-Duplex Mode
• In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but
not at the same time.
• When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice
versa.
• half-duplex mode is used in cases where there is no need for
communication in both direction at the same time.
• The entire capacity of the channel can be utilized for each direction.
• Example: Walkie- talkie in which message is sent one at a time and
messages are sent in both the directions.

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Half Duplex Contd…

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Full-Duplex Mode
• In full-duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive
simultaneously.
• In full-duplex mode, signals going in one direction share the capacity
of the link with signals going in other direction, this sharing can occur
in two ways:

• Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission

paths, one for sending and other for receiving.
• Or the capacity is divided between signals travelling in both
directions.
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• Full-duplex mode is used when communication in both direction is
required all the time.
• The capacity of the channel, however must be divided between the
two directions.
• Example: Telephone Network in which there is communication
between two persons by a telephone line, through which both can
talk and listen at the same time.

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Cloud Network
• Means of accessing storage and application
information and data of all sorts on an online
level
• It is a service rather than the product

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• Cloud networking is a type of infrastructure where network
capabilities and resources are available on demand through a third-
party service provider that hosts them on a cloud platform.
• The network resources can include virtual routers, firewalls, and
bandwidth and network management software, with other tools and
functions becoming available as required.
• Companies can either use cloud networking resources to manage an
in-house network or use the resources completely in the cloud.

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CLOUD cont…
• In the simplest terms, cloud computing means storing and accessing
data and programs over the Internet instead of your computer's hard
drive. The cloud is just a metaphor for the Internet.
• The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the
Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server
or a personal computer

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CLOUD cont…
Benefit of Cloud
• Companies can reduce the size of their own data
centres
• The reduction of the numbers of servers, the software
cost and the number of staff
• Companies can access the required data from any
where at any cost
• No tension of data missing and server problem
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CLOUD cont…
• Microsoft also offers a set of Web-based apps, Office Online, that are
Internet-only versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote
accessed via your Web browser without installing anything. That
makes them a version of cloud computing (Web-based=cloud).
• Google Drive
• Apple iCloud

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Centralized Network
• A type of network where all users connect to a central server, which is
the acting agent for all communications.
• This server would store both the communications and the user
account information.
• Most public instant messaging platforms use a centralized network.
• Also called centralized server-structure.
• In any centralized computer network system all the resources are
stored or managed at one place (computer system).
• This makes easy for system administrator to keep all that resources
consistent and in accurate form.
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• The centralized device is normally known as the server that is
responsible of managing all the processing and controlling.
• Only the administrator has access to the server. All the other clients
on the network request the services from the server. The
administrator is in charge to assign the rights to these different
users/clients that request the services.

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 CLUSTER
• A computer cluster is a set of loosely or tightly
connected computers that work together so that, in many respects, they
can be viewed as a single system.
• Computer clusters have each node set to perform the same task,
controlled and scheduled by software.
• The components of a cluster are usually connected to each other
through fast local area networks, with each node (computer used as a
server) running its own instance of an operating system.

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 CLUSTER CONT…
• In most circumstances, all of the nodes use the same hardware and the
same operating system, although in some setups, different operating
systems can be used on each computer, or different hardware.

• Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and availability

over that of a single computer, while typically being much more cost-
effective than single computers of comparable speed or availability

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 CLUSTER CONT…
Benefits
• Enable data recovery in the event of a disaster
• Providing parallel data processing
• High processing capacity

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 Virtualization
• Virtualization means to create a virtual version of a device or resource,
such as a server, storage device, network or even an operating
system where the framework divides the resource into one or
more execution environments.
• Virtualization is the process of running a virtual instance of a
computer system in a layer abstracted from the actual hardware. Most
commonly it refers to running multiple operating systems on a
computer system simultaneously.
• Virtualized network is used to create a virtual version of a device or
resources.

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Assignment
• Applications of Computer Network
• Define Transmission Media and Discuss its types

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