ANTIMICROBIAL

RESISTANCE
 01 Introduction to Antibiotic

02 Classification of Antibiotic

TOPICS FOR 03 Misuse of Antibiotic

DISCUSSIO 04 Antibiotic Resistance

N 05 Solution
 WHAT IS AN ANTIBIOTIC?
• Antibiotics can be defined as substances capable of killing and inhibiting the growth of
microorganisms.
• The term antibiotics literally means “against life”; in this case, against microbes.
• There are many types of antibiotics- antibacterials, antivitarls, antifungals, and antiparasitics.
 WHAT IS AN ANTIBIOTIC?
• Antibiotics have transformed the practice of medicine, making once lethal infections readily
treatable and making other medical advances, like cancer chemotherapy and organ transplants,
possible.
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF
1. Site of action
ANTIBIOTICS
2. Mode of action
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal

3. Spectrum of activity
Broad spectrum
Narrow spectrum
• SITE OF
ACTION
 2. MODE OF
BACTERIOSTATICACTION
ANTIBIOTICS BACTERICIDAL ANTIBIOTICS

Antibiotic that inhibits the

Antibiotic that kills bacteria
growth of bacteria but does not
kill. Aminoglycoside
Glycylcyclines B-lactams
Lincosamides Fluroroquinolones
Macrolides Glycopeptides
Oxazolidinones Lipopeptides
Streptogramins Nitroimidazoles
Sulfonamides Nitrofurans
 3. SPECTRUM OF
ACTIVITY
NARROW SPECTRUM BROAD SPECTRUM

• only against a single or • affect a wide variety of

limited group of microbial species
microorganisms • alter the normal bacterial
flora
• precipitate a superinfection
of an organism
 NARROW SPECTRUM BROAD SPECTRUM

can inhibit a variety

active against a
of group-positive and
limited variety of gram-negative
bacteria bacteria
 WHAT IS MISUSE
• When antibiotics are ANTIBIOTIC?
prescribed unnecessarily;
• When antibiotic administration is delayed in critically ill patients;
• When antibiotic treatment is not given according to microbiological culture
data results.
• When the dose is lower or higher than appropriate for the specific patient; and
• When the route of administrations [IV vs. ORAL] not appropriate
• When the duration of treatment is too short or too long
DRUG RESISTANCE LEVEL
AND CLASSIFICATION
Growth of bacteria is not halted (terminated) by the maximal level of that antibiotic
that can be tolerated by the host

Some organisms are inherently resistant to an antibiotic

PRIMARY ex: gram-negative organisms are inherently resistant to vancomycin

Spontaneous mutation or acquired resistance and selection

SECONDARY

Resistant to more than one antibiotic

CROSS-RESISTANCE
 Inadequate infection control
High antimicrobial usage per grographic area per unit
time
Increased use of antimicrobial prophylaxis
Increase empiric polymicrobial antimicrobial therapy
FACTORS Greater severity of illness of hospitalized patients
More severly immunocompromised patients
THAT MAY Newer devices and procedures in use
Agricultural use of antimicrobials

LEAD TO Social factors

International travel
Evolution of pathogens
ANTIBIOTIC
RESISTANCE
 Adherence to established national guidelines

Use fewer antibiotics

SOLUTION Increase awareness

Novel antibiotics

A global antimicrobial stewardship strategy

 WHAT CAN
PHARMACY
ASSISTANTS
DO TO HELP
REGULATE
ANTIMICROBI
WHAT CAN PHARMACY ASSISTANTS DO TO HELP
REGULATE ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE?

Develop and deliver education to various staff groups within and outside your zone

Know the amount of full doses or as prescribed by the physician

Do not recomment antimicrobial use if lacking patient information

Advise customers/patients to take antibiotics correctly and complete course

Do not dispense for expired prescriptions

Always communicate with the Pharmacist

Dave Francis C. Tan, RPh