Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship Realities

and challenges
Graduation Project Submitted For The Arab Academy For Science , Technology
And Maritime Transport For partial fulfillment of
The Bachelor Degree

Submitted by
Youssef wafik william
Karem Ayman Hussien
Ali Hossameldin Hassan
Mohamed Ehab Ahmed

Supervised By
DR. Hesham Helal

2021
 Introduction
⬡ There would be nothing special about it if it were not for
one factor: the ship will have no onboard crew, neither
will it be controlled remotely! That would be 3200 nm
of autonomous navigation. Andy Stanford-Clark (IBM
UK) compared this voyage with the major technological
achievements of the mankind over the last 50 years:

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⬡ 1.2 Research problem
⬡ The main problem that we are dealing with in this research is to
shed light on Autonomous ships and to identify the procedures or
steps taken by the ports in preparation for receiving these ships,
through the custom on the development of ports to become smart
ports.

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 Chapter two
History and development of ports
2-1 Introduction
A port in its simplest form is a place: a fixed landing point for
loading and unloading marine cargo. Some port historians
with disciplinary geographic backgrounds have identified
the site as a key.

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 Table (2-1): Compares between generations according to UNCTAD

Port characteristics 1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation

Development period prior to 1960 1960-1980 after 1980
Main cargo Semi-bulk cargo Dry semi-bulk cargo and liquid bulk Bulk, general, and containerized cargo
cargo
Attitude and strategy Conservative, means of Expansive, transport, Commercial, logistic distribution center for
of port Development transport change point industrial, and commercial center international trade
Scope of operations [1] Loading, unloading, 1 + [2] Cargo processing, industrial and 1 + 2 + [3] Cargo and information
storage, navigation Services commercial services – territorial distribution, logistic operations
expansion
Organizational Independent operations Closer ties between the port and its Unified port community. Port integration
features within the port, informal users. No connections between different with the transport commercial chain. Close
connections between the port types of operations within the port, connections between the port and the city.
and its users provisional ties between the port and city Extensive port organization.
Specific production Cargo flow, simple, single Cargo flow, cargo processing. Various Cargo and information flow. Cargo and
features services. No/low added value services, higher added value information distribution. Wide package of
various services. High added value
Deciding factors Work/capital Capital Technology, knowhow
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Ports and shipping: What to expect in 2020
Digitization will continue to be one of the main
drivers of niches in the future. Since many
new technologies have been introduced to
the market in the last decade, they are likely
to be quickly adopted and created in the
future.

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Factors and Stages of Port Development.

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Determinants of the development of seaports

Changes in modern seaports are influenced by many factors that

occur in the global economy, national politics, the seaport
environment and supply chains, but also by a number of
catalysts such as innovation, new technologies or the
sustainable development

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 Chapter three
Introduction to smartand autonomous ships

Introduction
Introduction Change is a constant in the maritime industry. Sixty years ago, the
introduction of the shipping container revolutionized trade and changed the way
transportation, shipping, loading and unloading of goods is done even to this day
(Levinson, 2008).

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 Smart Port Definition
Given the development of globalization and also the liberation of international trade,
the quantity of agencies coordinating with ports will increase to make sure
economical service. On the opposite hand, we've got the development of
containerization, that is skyrocketing. The high range of actors has created port
terminal complicated environments from totally different points of view:

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3Smart Ports: Ports of the Future
Sea ports are currently one of the most important logistical hubs for every region
because more than 80% of global freight is transported using this method,
according to World Trade Organization (WTO) figures. Port services in Spain, a
traditional coastal country and gateway to the Mediterranean, accommodate 11
million people and involve 3 million containers a year, according to data from the
Spanish Ports Authority.
3.4 Criticism for Smart Port
Since smart ports have to handle big data and operate with monitoring, Concerns
include questions about who will have access to the data and how networks can be
protected from piracy and vandalism. Others criticize the term "smart" because it is
often used excessively and exaggerated by IOT advocates for marketing purposes.
In contrast, a truly 'smart' environment should be able to learn and interact.

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New technologies of smart Port
1. Increase potency with the increase in volume,
2. Boost Productivity:
3. Turn out Higher Revenues
4. Quicker Decision-making and higher choices Through Technology
5. Improve Security Artificial intelligence helps with security checks
and alternative machine-controlled processes.
6. Higher management of resources AI has the potential to trace
maintenance on ships and predict once components could break
down
7. Integrated Communications System 5G technology
8. Improve environmental property the shipping trade is responding
with methods to travel "green."

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Understanding smart ships

Parts of an autonomous ship.

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⬡ What was the methodology for the scoping exercise?
⬡ apply to MASS and prevent MASS operations; or
⬡ apply to MASS and do not prevent MASS operations and require no actions; or
⬡ apply to MASS and do not prevent MASS operations but may need to be amended or clarified, and/or
may contain gaps; or
⬡ have no application to MASS operations.
⬡ The degrees of autonomy identified for the purpose of the scoping exercise were:
⬡ Degree one: Ship with automated processes and decision support: Seafarers are on board to operate and
control shipboard systems and functions.
⬡ Degree two: Remotely controlled ship with seafarers on board: The ship is controlled and operated from
another location. Seafarers are available on board to take control and to operate the shipboard systems
and functions.
⬡ Degree three: Remotely controlled ship without seafarers on board: The ship is controlled and operated
from another location.
⬡ Degree four: Fully autonomous ship: The operating system of the ship is able to make decisions and
determine actions by itself. 15
 Chapter four
Challenges of autonomous ships
4.1 Introduction:
Interest in the concept of autonomous boats has grown rapidly in recent years. Inspired
by the recent adaptation of autonomous and automated systems in other modes of
transport and the exponential development of technology, one may wonder how
and if these technologies can be implemented in the shipping industry
4.2What are autonomous ships?
By definition, an autonomous vessel or an autonomous sea surface vessel (MASS) is
defined as "a vessel that can, to varying degrees, operate independently of human
interaction".

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 The biggest challenges for each of the major
functions are discussed.

⬡ Communication speed
⬡ Cyber ​security
⬡ Legal responsibility
⬡ Failed to connect
⬡ Absence of crew problems:
⬡ Provide payment and maneuvers
⬡ Communication
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⬡ Connectivity challenges of an autonomous ship.

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Communication architecture of an autonomous ship.

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 Conclusion and Recommendations:
Conclusion:
Autonomous vehicles, such as drones in the air, will be widely used at sea
in the near future. This trend appears to be increasingly accepted by
the marine community, mainly for economic reasons. Autonomous
vessels are primarily considered in the context of cost reduction.
This is especially true of hydrography, oceanography and marine
technologies. However, these operations still take place primarily near
shore, usually in controlled test areas or
outside shipping lanes

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Recommendations:
⬡ While none of the current unmanned ships operating around the world now can completely autonomously
avoid collisions, there are many interesting approaches to how this task may be solved in the future. Key
works included the concept of ship dominance.
⬡ This idea was introduced and used in later research, for example, as a basis for assessing the risks of
maneuvers to avoid collisions, oriented to the special characteristics of the ship.
⬡ Taking into account all the limitations of current situational awareness sensors, radar provides the most
valuable information for the operator on the ground. Improvements are required to transmit radar data from
ships to shore.
⬡ Self-diagnostic systems, including positioning devices, communications, and power supplies, play a critical
role in the ship's remote control process and must be factored into the decision-making algorithms of
autonomous units. Repeatability in motion and positioning parameter systems must be ensured, and cross-
check methods are preferred.

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New SEABORNE systems face the same hurdles as autonomous vehicles: liability concerns,
uncertain regulations, and concerns about cybersecurity. At the same time, companies
developing ships and navigation systems based on artificial intelligence are seeing a growing
demand for their technology. Carriers want to prevent their cargo from being stranded at sea
or in ports because seafarers have contracted the coronavirus. Port pilots, the local barge
pilots who have been flying large ships for the past few miles, are reluctant to board because
of the coronavirus risks, a Navy executive said. This slows down what used to be a routine
procedure when huge ships enter crowded ports or treacherous estuaries.

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