Pharyngeal arches

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?What is meaning by arches

At early stage, the wall of

pharynx is formed of outer
covering of ectoderm, middle
layer of mesoderm and inner
layer of endoderm.
At 5th week, the middle
mesodermal layer on each side,
shows an anterpoasterior
segmentation into six segments
called the pharyngeal,
branchial and visceral arches.
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 Characteristics of pharyngeal arches
The first pharyngeal arch is known as mandibular arch.
It is divided into maxillary and mandibular processes.
The second pharyngeal arch is known as the hyoid
arch. The succeeding arches are known as 3rd, 4th, 5th and
6th according to their number.
The fifth arches are rudimentary and disappear at early
stage of development.
Each arch is formed of middle mesoderm, covered
externally by ectoderm and lined internally by
endoderm.

From each arch developed a crtilage or bony structure,

muscles and main nerve to the arch and one of the aortic
arch carrying the same number as arch.

Externally, the arches are separated byectodermal

grooves called pharyngeal clefts. The clefts are
enumerated from 1st to 4th in a craniocaudal direction.

Internally, the arches are separated by endodermal

grooves called pharyngeal pouches. The pouches are
counted
3 from 1sr to 4th in craniocaudal direction
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 Cartilagenous derivatives of pharyngeal arches
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7 Muscles derivatives of the pharyngeal arches
8 The main nerve supply of the pharyngeal arches
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 Skeletal Muscle Nerve of Blood supply of
derivatives derivatives the arch the arch
First Malleus, incus Muscle o f Mand ib ular First ao rtic a rch
pha ry ng spheno mand ib ular masticatio n nerve disappear leaving
eal arch ligament Anterior belly o f maxillary artery
digastric muscle
Mylo hyo id
muscle
Tensor p alate
and tensor
tympani
Second Stapes, stylo id Muscle o f the Facial nerve The second ao rtic
pha ry ng process o f face, includ ing arch d isappear leaving
eal arch temporal bo ne, occip ito fro ntalis staped ial artery which
stylo hyo id and muscle o f later corticotympanic
ligament, and auricle, posterior artery
lesser cornu and belly o f
upper p art o f the digastric,
body o f hyoo id stylo hyo id and
bone staped ius
muscles.
Third Lower part o f the Stylop haryngeus Glossop hary The third ao rtic a rch
pha ry ng body and greate r muscle ngeal nerve persist forming
eal arch cornu o f hyo id co mmo n carotid artery
bone and stem o f internal
carotid o n bo th sides
Fo urth Thyro id cartilage Cricothyro id Superior
pha ry ng muscle laryngeal The left 4th aortic a rch
eal arch nerve  main psrt o f aortic
arch
The rig ht 4th arch 
rt subclavian artery
Sixth Crico id and Intrinsic muscle Recurrent Ventral o f left  lt
pha ry ng aryteno id cartilage of larynx laryngeal pulmo nary artery
eal arch nerve Dorsal of le ftd uctus
arteriosus
Ventral Rt right
pulmo nary artery
10 Dorsal Rt d isappear
 Pharyngeal clefts
In the fifth week, four ectodermal grooves are seen between arche. The underlying
mesodermThese are called pharyngeal clefts.
The dorsal part of the first pharyngeal cleft persist, while other clefts are
obliterated and disappear.
The dorsal part of the first cleft deepens through the underlying mesoderm to
form the external acoustic meatus.
The11ectoderm lining the meatus form the outer layer of the tympanic membrane.
Derivatives of the
First pharyngeal
pouch

• The first pharyngeal pouch form laterally dilated diverticulum called tubotympanic
recess.
• The medial part will form the auditory tube (EustachianTube).
• The lateral part dilate to form middle ear cavity (tympanic cavity).
• The middle ear cavity come in contact with external acoustic meatus.
• Accordingly,
12 the endodermal lining of the middle ear will form the inner layer of
tympanic membrane.
 Derivatives of the second
pharyngeal pouch

The second pouch form the

.palatine tonsil
The endodermal lining forms solid
epithelial outgrowths into the
underlying mesoderm.
The central cells disintegrate to
form tonsillar crypts.
Lymphoid follicles are deposited
in the mesoderm around the
tonsillar crypts in the 3rd month of
the foetal life.
Outer mesodermal condensation
forms the capsule of the tonsile.
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Derivatives of the third pharyngeal pouch

The dorsal part of the endodermal lining of the

third pharyngeal pouch  inferior parathyroid
gland.
The ventral part of the endodermal lining of
the third pharyngeal arch  thymus gland.
As thymus enlarges, it migrates medially and
caudally and loose its connection with the
pharynx.
It drags with it inferior parathyroid which loose
its connection with the pharyngeal wall so the
inferior parathyroid is dragged to a lower
position than the superior parathyroid.
The two lobes of the thymus come into contact
with other in front of the pericardium and great
vessels.
The inferior parathyroid adheres to the
posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

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Derivatives of the fourth pharyngeal pouch
The dorsal part of the endodermal
lining of the 4th pouch form the
superior parathyroid and.
The superior parathyroid gland
separate from the wall of pharynx
and migrate with thyroid and adhere
to posterior surface.

The ventral part of the endothelial

lining of the 4th pharyngeal pouch
form the ultimobranchial body which
separate from the wall of the
pharynx and incorporate with thyroid
gland.

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 Summary of the pharyngeal clefts and pouches
External acoustic meatus and outer lining of the First cleft
tympanic membrane

Auditory tube, middle ear cavity, 1st pouch

inner lining of tympanic membrane
Palatine tonsil 2nd pouch
Dorsal  inferior parathyroid 3rd pouch
ventral  thymus
Dorsal  superior parathyroid 4th pouch
Ventral  ultimobranchial body
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 Congenital anomalies
1- Branchial cyst; due failure of obliteration of the 2nd,
3rd, and 4th pharyngeal
Clefts. Usually it lies on the lateral side of the neck
along the anterior border of
2- External branchial fistula; the sternomastoid.
a branchial cyst may open to the outside by a narrow
track.
3- Internal branchial fistula; a branchial cyst may
open to pharynx by a narrow track which is usually
close to the tonsil.
4- Complete branchial fistula; the may extend from
skin to inside the pharynx.
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 Branchial cyst

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 Development of the tongue
The tongue is formed of sac of mucous membrane which is
filled by migrating muscle mass.
The mucosa of the tongue is developed from four rudiments.
These are two lingual swellings, tuberculum impar and
cranial part of the hypobranchial eminence.
The two lingual swelling enlarge and fuse together to form
anterior 2/3 of the tongue. The tuberculum impar form a very
small median area just in front of the foramen caecum.
The posterior third of the tongue is formed by cranial part of
hypobranchial eminence. This part enlarge and fuse with the
anterior 2/3 at sulcus terminalis.
The foramen caecum of the tongue is a median depression at
the junction of the ant2/3 and post 1/3 and indicate the
original site of the thyroid rudiment.
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• The muscles of the tongue are developed bilaterally
from migrating occipital myotomes. As they migrate, they
carry with them hypoglossal nerve which supply them.
• The innervation of the mucosa confirm its
development. The anterior 2/3 are supplied by lingual
nerve, branch of mandibular nerve (nerve of the first
pharyngeal arch). The posterior 1/3 is supplied by
glossopharyngeal nerve which (nerve of the third arch).
• The mucous membrane of the tongue is formed of
single layer of cuboidal cells which changes into a
stratified squamous epithelium. Lingual papillae appear
only on the dorsum of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
during the third month of foetal life. Lingual papillae
appear only on the dorsum of the anterior 2/3 of the
tongue. Vallate papillae develop as a result of epithelial
ingrowths in the form of a rings around central core of
connective tissue

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 1
2
3

The vallate papillae are arranged just in front of the sulcus terminalis. Lymphoid
follicles aggregate under the mucosa of the posterior third to form lingual tonsil.

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Congenital anomalies of the tongue

• 1- Ankyloglossia (tongue tie); due to error in

the formation of the alveololingual groove
• 2- Macroglossia (abnormal large tongue).
• 3- Microglossia (abnormal small tongue).
• 4- Bifid tongue due to failure of fusion of the
two lingual swellings.
• 5- Trifid tongue due to failure of fusion of the
three components of the tongue.
• 6- lingual thyroid due to failure of migration of
thyroid rudemint.
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 Development of the thyroid gland
• Thyroid gland is the earliest pharyngeal derivatives to
develop. It begin as thyroid diverticulum at the meeting of
the second pharyngeal arches.
• It is connected to the floor of the tongue by thyroglossal
duct.
• The thyroid diverticulum migrate caudally in the ventral
wall of pharynx resulting in elongation of thyroglossal
duct.
• Thyroid diverticulum loses its connection the floor of the
mouth due to degeneration of the thyroglossal duct but
the point of origin of thyroid diverticulum remain marked
by a median depression on the dorsum of the tongue
called foramen caecum.
• By the 7th week thyroid gland lies at the level of laryngeal
primordium and is formed by two lobes connected by an
isthmus across the middle line.
• The pyramidal lobe and the levator glandulae thyroidae
32represent the degenerating thyroglossal duct.
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 Anomalies of thyroid gland

• 1- thyroglossal cyst due to persistent thyroglossal duct

along the middle line.
• 2- thyroglossal fistula; due to opening of the fistula to the
outside.
• 3- Accessory thyroid due to presence of thyroid tissue
along line of descent.
• 4- Ectopic thyroid due arrest of migration of thyroid gland
at any site.
• 5- thyroid agenesis due to complete failure of
development of thyroid gland
• 6- absence of thyroid isthmus so the two lobes are
separated due to degeneration of thyroglossal duct.
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