Multiple Types Early Stage Eye Disease

Identification From Human Retinal

Image AI Technique
ABSTRACT

There are around 15 million blind people in India, and the unfortunate fact is that 75% of these cases were
curable at certain point of time. In India, there are 10,000 patients for every doctor. Numerous eye
conditions, including trachoma, corneal ulcers, and cataracts, among others, can impair vision. According
to studies, early-stage disorders that go untreated are the main causes of blindness in India. The
advancement of these eye diseases can only be stopped if they are appropriately diagnosed at an early
stage. These eye diseases have a wide range of visually discernible symptoms. To accurately diagnose eye
diseases, it is required to analyze a wide range of symptoms. Utilizing digital image processing methods
like segmentation and morphology as well as deep learning methods like convolution neural network, we
propose a unique method to give an automated eye disease identification model using visually observable
symptoms.
EXISTING SYSTEM

Edge detection methods

Segmentation like simple and global thresholding algorithm

Retinal Grading Algorithm (RGA)

Disadvantages:

▪ Difficulties are there to find an optimal gradient

▪ In this method intrinsic characteristics of retinal images make the blood vessel detection
process difficult.

▪ Poor Edge detection.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

 Input image

 Preprocessing

 Feature extraction

 CNN (convolutional neural network) classification

FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and a business proposal is put forth
with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the
feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the
proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some
understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY
REQUIREMENTS
Software requirements​ Hardware requirements​

• Python • RAM -- 4GB

• Anaconda • OS -- Windows 7, 8 and 10 (32 and 64 bit) ​
• Jupyter Notebook •​Hard Disk --20GB
• Key Board -- Standard Windows Key board
• Mouse -- Two or Three Button Mouse
• Monitor -- SVGA
MODULES

Input image acquisition: Image Acquisition? According to Raghava Kashyapa (Machine

Vision Expert), In image processing and machine vision, image acquisition is the action of
retrieving an image from a source, usually hardware systems like cameras, sensors, etc.

Pre-process: Image preprocessing is the steps taken to format images before they are used
by model training and inference. This includes, but is not limited to, resizing, orienting, and
color corrections.
Train and test: -datasets are split into two subsets. The first subset is known as the training
data - it's a portion of our actual dataset that is fed into the machine learning model to
discover and learn patterns. In this way, it trains our model.

Feature analysis: -Feature analysis argues that we observe individual characteristics, or

features, of every object and pattern we encounter. Recognition-by-components theory
maintains that we sort objects into their component parts as a way of recognizing them.
These components are understood as three-dimensional shapes called genos.
It yields better results than applying machine learning directly to the raw data.
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
UML DIAGRAMS

UML, which stands for Unified Modelling Language, is a standardized visual modelling language used in
software engineering and other fields for the purpose of designing and documenting systems. UML provides a
common set of notations and diagrams that help developers and stakeholders communicate and visualize the
various aspects of a system, making it an essential tool for the entire software development lifecycle. Here's a
brief description of UML
USE CASE DIAGRAM

• UML is a standard language for import module

specifying, visualizing, constructing, and

Input image selection

documenting the artifacts of software

systems. Pre-process

segmentation

• UML was created by Object Management U

Group (OMG) and UML 1.0 specification s Feature extraction

e
draft was proposed to the OMG in January r Data base

1997.
Data base
training

• OMG is continuously putting effort to Result

make a truly industry standard.

 CLASS DIAGRAM

The class diagram is the main building block of

object-oriented modelling. It is used for general user
conceptual modelling of the systematic of the INPU
T Pre-
Feature extraction

application, and for detailed modelling translating +i

process
+p +f
m
the models into programming code. Class diagrams p ro
ce
ea
tu
or
can also be used for data modelling. The classes in a t( ss(
)
re
()
)
class diagram represent both the main elements,
interactions in the application, and the classes to be Data
base
Result Algorithm
programmed.
+ +
b d
u a
il t
d a
( (
) )
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM

Sequence Diagrams Represent the objects

participating the interaction horizontally and time
vertically. A Use Case is a kind of behavioural user Pre-step
Feature
Extractio
Data
base
algorithm result

classifier that represents a declaration of an offered

1 :
behaviour. Each use case specifies some behaviour, import
()
possibly including variants that the subject can 2 :
load
perform in collaboration with one or more actors. ()
3
preprocessing
:

Use cases define the offered behaviour of the () 4

operations
:

subject without reference to its internal structure. ()

5 :
build
()

6 :
result
()
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of

Workflows of stepwise activities and actions with
support for choice, iteration and concurrency.In the
Unified modelling Language, activity diagrams can Input

be used to describe the business and operational

step-by-step workflows of components in a system. Pre-process

An activity diagram shows the overall flow of

control.

preprocess Feature
extraction
database

Algorithm with
result
TESTING

System testing, also referred to as system-level tests or system-integration testing, is the process
in which a quality assurance (QA) team evaluates how the various components of an application
interact together in the full, integrated system or application. System testing verifies that an
application performs tasks as designed. This step, a kind of black box testing, focuses on the
functionality of an application. System testing, for example, might check that every kind of user
input produces the intended output across the application.
TEST CASES
▪ Test case1:(packages testing)

▪ Input: downloading packages in interactive mode

▪ Output: download proper tools

▪ Test case2: (load input of eye images)

▪ Input: load input dataset of eye

▪ Output: read input data in certain variable using OpenCV

▪ Test case3:(take steps for using pre-process)

▪ Input: take input process of eye

TESTING METHODS

Functional Testing: ​

Functional testing provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as specified by the
business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user manuals. ​
Functions: Identified functions must be exercised. ​
Output: Identified classes of software outputs must be exercised. ​
Systems/Procedures: system should work properly ​

Integration Testing :​

Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more integrated software
components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface defects. ​
Test Case for Excel Sheet Verification: ​
Here in machine learning we are dealing with dataset which is in excel sheet format so if any test case we
need means we need to check excel file. Later on classification will work on the respective columns of dataset​
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

In future, we can create a App and web based application for a customized Deep Learning model
that diagnoses externally observable eye issues/diseases from an uploaded eye picture.
Performance metrics:
Define appropriate evaluation metrics, such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC-ROC,
to measure your model's performance.
Ensemble Learning:
Consider ensemble techniques to combine predictions from multiple models for improved accuracy
and robustness.
Explain ability and Interpretability:
Implement methods for explaining the AI model's predictions, which are crucial for gaining trust
from healthcare professionals and patients.
CONCLUSION
There are various models developed for eye disease detection in the recent years. In this paper, we
have used the deep neural networks along with some core libraries like OpenCV, kerns,
TensorFlow, pandas, NumPy. We are successfully able to achieve all our objectives.

• Deep learning model which classifies between normal eye and a diseased eye has been
successfully built.

The model will be able to guide the users to know their eye condition (for specified eye diseases
namely crossed eye, bulged eye, conjunctivitis and cataract).

• The model is cost effective and has simple interface. • The model shares the details of the
nearby eye doctors to the use to get their eye check-up
REFARENCES

[1] M. E. Martinez-Perez, A. D. Hughes, S. A. Thom, and K. H. Parker, “Improvement of a retinal

blood vessel segmentation method using the insight segmentation and registration toolkit (ITK),”
in Proc. IEEE 29th Annu. Int. Conf. EMBS. Lyon, IA, France, 2007, pp. 892–895.
[2] S. Dua, N. Kandiraju, and H.W. Thompson, “Design and implementation of a unique blood-
vessel detection algorithm towards early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy,” in Proc. IEEE Int.
Conf. in Inf. Technol., Coding Comput., 2005, pp. 26–31.
[3] A.M.Mendonc¸a and A. Campilho, “Segmentation of retinal blood vessels by combining the
detection of centerlines and morphological reconstruction,”IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 25, no. 9,
pp. 1200–1213, Sep. 2006.
THANK YOU