DIABETES

Name Class roll

Sadia jahan 457
Mushfiqa Hasan 446
Umme Esrat Jahan Tinne 452
Jesia Akter Dia 461
Presentation
Nabila Binte Mujib 487
By
Nusrat Khanam 453
Sumaiya Rowshon 488
Zarrin Tasnim 456
Shaira Binte Mahmud
Sumayya 449
 WHAT IS DIABETES?

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that affects the way

the body produces and uses insulin, a hormone that
regulates blood sugar levels. Insulin helps glucose, a
type of sugar, enter the cells in our body to be used
as energy. In diabetes, the body either doesn't
produce enough insulin or can't use it effectively,
causing glucose to build up in the blood instead of
being transported into the cells. This results in high
blood sugar levels, which can lead to various health
complications over time if left untreated. There are
different types of diabetes, including Type 1, Type 2,
and gestational diabetes.
 WHAT IS PREDIABETES?

• PREDIABETES IS A CONDITION WHERE

BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS ARE HIGHER
THAN NORMAL, BUT NOT HIGH ENOUGH
TO BE CLASSIFIED AS DIABETES. IT IS A
WARNING SIGN THAT INDICATES THAT
AN INDIVIDUAL IS AT RISK OF
DEVELOPING TYPE 2 DIABETES AND
OTHER SERIOUS HEALTH
COMPLICATIONS, SUCH AS HEART
DISEASE AND STROKE.
Symptoms
There are no clear symptoms of prediabetes, so you may have it
and not know it.
Some people with prediabetes may have some of the
symptoms of diabetes or even problems from diabetes already.
You usually find out that you have prediabetes when being
tested for diabetes.
If you have prediabetes, you should be checked for type 2
diabetes every one to two years.
• According to the • Prediabetes often has no symptoms and can
American Diabetes go undetected for years. However, certain
Association (ADA), risk factors can increase a person's likelihood
prediabetes is of developing prediabetes, including being
diagnosed when a overweight, having a family history of
person's blood sugar diabetes, being physically inactive, having
levels are between 100 high blood pressure or high cholesterol
-125 mg/dL after an levels, and being over the age of 45.
overnight fast, or
between 140 -199 The good news is that prediabetes can be reversed or
mg/dL two hours after delayed through lifestyle changes, such as adopting a
drinking a glucose-rich healthy diet, increasing physical activity, and losing
beverage during an oral weight if overweight. In some cases, medication may be
glucose tolerance prescribed to help manage blood sugar levels and
reduce the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. Regular
monitoring of blood sugar levels is also recommended
for individuals with prediabetes.
 WHY IS IT CALLED A METABOLIC DISEASE?

Diabetes is considered a metabolic disease. It affects the way the body metabolizes
glucose, a sugar that is the primary source of energy for our cells. Glucose is obtained
from the foods we eat and is transported from the bloodstream into the cells by the
hormone insulin, which is produced by the pancreas.
In Type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce
insulin, leading to a complete deficiency of insulin. In Type 2 diabetes, the body becomes resistant to
insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin to properly regulate blood sugar levels. In both types of
diabetes, glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of being used for energy, leading to high blood
sugar levels, which can cause a range of health complications over time if left untreated.
Diabetes also affects the metabolism of other substances in the body, such as fats and proteins, which
can contribute to further health complications. For example, high blood sugar levels can damage blood
vessels and nerves, leading to cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and nerve damage.
Therefore, diabetes is considered a metabolic disease because of its impact on glucose and other
metabolic pathways in the body, and its potential to cause various long-term health complications.

• GLUCOSE IS A TYPE OF SUGAR AND THE
PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE
BODY'S CELLS. IT IS OBTAINED FROM
THE FOODS WE EAT, SUCH AS
CARBOHYDRATES, AND IS
TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE
BLOODSTREAM TO VARIOUS ORGANS
AND TISSUES IN THE BODY. GLUCOSE
PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE IN THE BODY'S
METABOLIC PROCESSES, INCLUDING
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND
REGULATION OF BLOOD SUGAR
LEVELS.
ROLE OF GLUCOSE
• When we eat carbohydrates, such as bread or pasta, our
digestive system breaks them down into glucose, which
enters the bloodstream and raises blood sugar levels. In
response, the pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that
helps glucose enter the cells and be used for energy. Insulin
also helps regulate blood sugar levels by signaling the liver
to store excess glucose as glycogen, and by encouraging
the muscles and fat cells to take up glucose from the
bloodstream.
• In individuals with diabetes, the body either doesn't produce
enough insulin or can't use it effectively, leading to high
blood sugar levels. This can cause a range of health
complications over time if left untreated, including
cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, nerve damage, and
eye damage.
 Maintaining proper glucose regulation is essential for overall health and
wellbeing. This can be achieved through a healthy diet, regular physical
activity, and medication or insulin therapy if necessary for individuals with
diabetes. Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels is also recommended to
help prevent and manage diabetes-related complications.

STATISTICS OF DIABETES ACCORDING TO

WHO
An estimated 422 million adults
worldwide have diabetes.
-The prevalence of diabetes has been
rising more rapidly in low-and middle-
income countries.
• Diabetes caused 1.5 million deaths
in 2019, and high blood glucose
levels were responsible for an
additional 2.2 million deaths.
• -Diabetes is a leading cause of premature
mortality, with approximately 1 in 2 deaths
among people with diabetes occurring before the
age of 70 years.
• -Diabetes is a major contributor to the global
burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs),
which account for 71% of all deaths worldwide.
• -The economic burden of diabetes is substantial,
with estimated global health expenditures on
diabetes-related illness reaching $760 billion in
2019.
• -Type 1 diabetes, which is typically diagnosed in
children and young adults, accounts for
approximately 10% of all diabetes cases
worldwide.
• -Gestational diabetes, a type of diabetes that
occurs during pregnancy, affects approximately 1
in 6 births globally and can increase the risk of
complications for both the mother and the baby.
 CAUSES OF DIABETES
• DIABETES IS CAUSED BY A COMBINATION OF GENETIC AND
LIFESTYLE FACTORS.
• -TYPE 1 DIABETES IS CAUSED BY AN AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER THAT
DESTROYS THE CELLS IN THE PANCREAS THAT PRODUCE INSULIN.
• -TYPE 2 DIABETES IS CAUSED BY INSULIN RESISTANCE AND/OR
INSUFFICIENT INSULIN PRODUCTION.
• -RISK FACTORS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES INCLUDE OBESITY, PHYSICAL
INACTIVITY, POOR DIET, AGING, FAMILY HISTORY OF DIABETES, AND
CERTAIN MEDICAL CONDITIONS SUCH AS HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
AND HIGH CHOLESTEROL.
• -GESTATIONAL DIABETES IS CAUSED BY HORMONAL CHANGES AND
INSULIN RESISTANCE DURING PREGNANCY.
• -OTHER LESS COMMON CAUSES OF DIABETES INCLUDE GENETIC
MUTATIONS, DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS, CERTAIN MEDICATIONS,
AND INFECTIONS
 SYMPTOMS
• THE SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES CAN VARY DEPENDING ON THE TYPE AND
SEVERITY OF THE DISEASE. HERE ARE SOME COMMON SYMPTOMS OF
DIABETES ACCORDING TO RENOWNED SOURCES SUCH AS THE AMERICAN
DIABETES ASSOCIATION AND THE MAYO CLINIC:
Gestational diabetes
Type 1 Type 2 diabetes
diabetes -any of the symptoms of type 1 -usually no symptoms, but some women
-frequent urination diabetes may experience increased thirst or urination
-extreme thirst -slow-healing sores or cuts
-itchy skin or yeast infections
-unexplained weight loss • it's important to note that some people with
-numbness or tingling in the
-increased hunger hands or feet diabetes may not experience any
-fatigue -areas of darkened skin, symptoms, particularly in the early stages of
-blurred vision usually in the armpits and neck the disease. therefore, regular blood sugar
-irritability -recurring infections, such as testing is important for early detection and
-bedwetting (in children) gum or skin infections management of diabetes
 INSULIN

• WHAT IS INSULIN ? Insulin ( /ˈ ɪ n.sj ʊ .l ɪ n/ , [5] [6] Acids residues from Latin insula ,
'island') is a peptide hormone composed of 51 A mino made by an organ located behind the
stomach called the pancreas. There are specialised areas within the pancreas called islets of
Langerhans (the term insulin comes from the Latin insula that means island). The islets of
Langerhans are made up of different ty make hormones, the commonest ones are the beta cells ,
which produce insulin. Insulin is then released from the pancreas into the glucose pe of cells that
bloodstream so that it can reach different parts of the body. Insulin has many effects but mainly it
controls how the body uses carbohydrates found in certain types of food. Carbohydrates are
broken down by the human body to produce a type of sugar called . Glucose is the main energy
source used by cells. Insulin allows cells in the muscles, liver and fat (adipose tissue) to take up
this glucose and use it as a source of energy so they can function properly. Without insulin, cells
are unable to use glucose as fuel and they will start malfunctioning. Extra glucose that is not used
by the cells will be converted and stored as fat so it can be used t o provide energy when glucose
levels are too low. In addition, insulin has several other metabolic effects (such as stopping the
breakdown of protein and fat).
 WHAT DOES INSULIN DO?
Insulin moves glucose from your blood into
cells all over your body. Glucose comes
from both food and your body’s own natural
release of stored glucose. Think of insulin as
the “key” that opens the “doors” of the cells
in your body. Once insulin opens your cell
doors, glucose can leave your bloodstream
and move into your cells where you use it
for energy. Without enough insulin, glucose
can’t get into your cells and instead builds
up in your blood ( hyperglycemia ). Many
conditions can affect your body’s ability to
produce and release insulin. They include: ●
● Gestational diabetes which is diabetes that begins
during pregnancy.
● Prediabetes , when your body is resistant to insulin
(can’t use insulin as it should), but blood sugar levels
aren’t high enough for a Type 2 diabetes
• Type 1 diabetes , when your pancreas doesn’t make
insulin or doesn’t make enough to control blood
sugar.
• Type 2 diabetes , when your pancreas doesn’t
produce enough insulin, or your body can’t use the
insulin as it should
• Metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance syndrome) ,
a group of risk factors (including insulin resistance)
that increase the risk of di abetes and heart disease.
Insulin resistance means that the cells in your body
can’t use glucose from your blood as energy.
 TYPES OF INSULIN

• A PERSON CAN TAKE DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSULIN BASED ON HOW LONG

THEY NEED THE EFFECTS OF THE SUPPLEMENTARY HORMONE TEST.
• PEOPLE CATAGORIZE THESE TYPES BASED ON SEVERAL DIFFERENT
FACTORS:
• speed of onset, or how quickly a person taking insulin can expect the
effects to start.
• peak, or the speed at which the insulin reaches its greatest impact
duration, or the time it takes for the insulin to wear off
• concentration, which in the United States is 100 units per milliliter
(U100)
• the route of delivery, or whether the insulin requires injection under the
skin,into a vein, or into the lungs by inhal ation.
People most often deliver insulin into the subcutaneous tissue, or the
fatty tissue located near the surface of the skin.
Three main types of insulin are available :

Fast acting insulin

The body absorbs this

This type into the bloodstream from the subcutaneous tissue extremely
type
quickly.

People use fast-acting insulin to correct hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar,

as well as control blood sugar spikes after eating.

These types include: -

• ● Rapid-acting insulin analogs:
• Regular human insulin: The onset
These take between 5 and 15
of regular human insulin is
minutes to have an effect. However,
between 30 minutes and an hour,
the size of the dose impacts the
and its effects on blood sugar last
duration of the effect. Assuming
around 8 hours. A larger dose
that rapid-acting insulin analogs
speeds up the onset but also delay
last for 4 hours is a safe general
the peak effect of regular human
rule. Examples: Aspart (Novolog),
insulin. Examples: Humulin R,
Lispro (Humalog).
Novolin R
 Intermediate-acting insulin

This type enters the bloodstream at a slower rate but has a longer-lasting
effect. It is most effective at managing blood sugar overnight, as well as
between meals.
Options for intermediate-acting insulin include:

● NPH human insulin: This takes between 1 and 2 hours to onset, and
reaches its peak within 4 to 6 hours. It can last over 12 hours in some
cases. A very small dose will bring forward the peak effect, and a high
dose will increase the time NPH takes to reach its peak and the overall
duration of its effect. Examples: Humulin N, Novolin N.
● Pre-mixed insulin: This is a mixture of NPH with a fast-acting
insulin, and its effects are a combination of the intermediate- and rapid-
acting insulins. The mixtures can be in various combinations from 50:50
to 75:25 or 70:30. An example includes Novolog 70/30.
 Long-acting insulin:-

While long-acting insulin is slow to reach the bloodstream and has a relatively
low peak, it has a stabilizing “plateau” effect on blood sugar that can last for
most of the day. Glargine (Lantus) is an example.
It is useful overnight, between meals, and during fasts.
Long-acting insulin analogs are the only available type, and these have an
onset of between 1.5 and 2 hours. While different brands have different
durations, they range between 12 and 24 hours in total.

The role of insulin in the body:-

Insulin is a hormone which plays a number of roles in the body’s metabolism.

Insulin regulates how the body uses and stores glucose and fat. Many of the body’s
cells rely on insulin to take glucose from the blood for energy.
Insulin and blood glucose levels

• Insulin helps control blood glucose levels by signaling

the liver and muscle and fat cells to take in glucose from
the blood. Insulin therefore helps cells to take in glucose
to be used for energy.
• If the body has sufficient energy, insulin signals the liver
to take up glucose and store it as glycogen.
• The liver can store up to around 5% of its mass as
glycogen.
• Some cells in the body can take glucose from the blood
without insulin, but most cells do require insulin to be
present.
 Insulin and type 1 diabetes

In type 1 diabetes, the body produces insufficient

insulin to regulate blood glucose
levels.
Without the presence of insulin, many of the body’s
cells cannot take glucose from
the blood and therefore the body uses other sources
of energy.
Ketones are produced by the liver as an alternative
source of energy, however, high
levels of the ketones can lead to a dangerous
condition called ketoacidosis.
People with type 1 diabetes will need to inject
insulin to compensate for their body’s
lack of insulin
 Insulin and type 2 diabetes

• Type 2 diabetes is characterised by the body not

responding effectively to insulin.
• This is termed insulin resistance. As a result the body
is less able to take up glucose from the blood. In the
earlier stages of type 2 diabetes, the body responds by
producing more insulin than it would normally need
to.
• If type 2 diabetes develops over a number of years, the
extra demands on the panreas to produce insulin can
lead to a loss of insulin producing cells (known as
pancreatic beta cells) as they wear out.
• Depending on their level of insulin resistance, people
with type 2 diabetes may also need to take insulin
injections to manage their blood sugar levels.
 Insulin and fat storage

• As well as being involved in the

regulation of blood glucose, insulin is also
involved in how fat is used by the body.
When the liver is has taken up its capacity
of glycose, insulin signals fat cells to take
up glucose to be stored as triglycerides.
• An additional effect of insulin is in
inhibiting the breakdown of fats.
 Diabetes Insipidus

What is Diabetes insipidus?

• DIABETES INSIPIDUS WAS FIRST DESCRIBED IN THE 18h

CENTURY.
• DIABETES INSIPIDUS (DI) IS A RARE DISEASE THAT CAUSES
FREQUENT URINATION.
• DIABETES INSIPIDUS USUALLY STARTS IN CHILDHOOD OR
EARLY ADULTHOOD AND AFFECTS MEN MORE THAN
WOMEN. GLIENT REPORT PATHOLOGY SUMMARY REVIEW
DIABE TES.
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a hereditary or acquired condition
which disrupts normal life of persons with the condition;
disruption is due to increased thirst and passing of large
volumes of urine, even at night. A systematic search of
literature for DI was carried out using the PubMed database
for the purpose of this review. Central DI due to impaired
secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) could result from
traumatic brain injury, surgery, or
tumors whereas nephrogenic DI due to failure of the kidney
to respond to AVP is usually inherited. The earliest
treatment was posterior pituitary extracts containing
vasopressin and oxytocin.

The synthetic analog of vasopressin, desmopressin has

several benefits over vasopressin.
Desmopressin was initially available as intranasal
However, desmopressin remains the most widely used drug
preparation, but now the oral tablet and melt formulations
for the treatment of DI. This review covers the
have gained significance, with benefits such as ease of
physiology of water balance, causes of DI and various
administration and stability at room temperature. Other
treatment modalities available, with a special focus on
molecules used for treatment include , carbamazepine,
desmopressin
thiazide diuretics, indapamide, clofibrate, indomethacin,
and amiloride.
 What causes diabetes insipidus?

• In. eneral, diabetes insipidus is caused by problems with how your body
makes or uses antidiuretic hormone
(ADH, or vasopressin), which helps your kidneys balance the amount
of fluid in your body. The exact causes vary for the different types of
diabetes insipidus. Sometimes, healthcare providers can’t determine the
cause.
 Signs & Symptoms

A baby or young child who has diabetes insipidus may

have these symptoms:
Symptoms of diabetes insipidus in adults
include: • Large amounts of pale urine that result in heavy, wet
diapers.
• Being very thirsty, often with a preference for • Bed-wetting.
cold water. • Being very thirsty, with a preference for drinking water
• Making large amounts of pale urine.
and cold liquids.
• Getting up to urinate and drink water often • Weight loss.
during the night. • Poor growth.
• Adults typically urinate an average of 1 to 3 • Vomiting.
quarts (about 1 to 3 liters) a day. People who • Irritability.
have diabetes insipidus and who drink a lot of • Fever.
fluids may make as much as 20 quarts (about • Constipation.
19 liters) of urine a day. • Headache.
• Problems sleeping.
• Vision problems.
What are the types of diabetes insipidus?
 There are 4 types of diabetes insipidus, including:
1. NEUROGENIC
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
More commonly known as
central diabetes insipidus
Caused by a deficiency of the
antidiuretic hormone,
Vasopressin. Vasopressin acts
to increase the volume of
blood & decrease the volume
of urine produced.
2. NEPHROGENIC
3. GESTATIONAL
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
ALSO KNOWN AS
OCCURS ONLY DURING
VASOPRESSIN-
PREGNANCY. CAUSED BY
RESISTANCE KIDNEYS
AN ENZYME MADE BY
ARE UNABLE TO
THE PLACENTA DESTROYS
RESPOND TO ADH.
ADH IN THE MOTHER.
CAUSED BY
INSENSITIVITY OF THE
KIDNEYS TO THE EFFECT
OF THE ANTIDIURETIC
HORMONE VASOPRESSIN.
SOMETIMES CAUSE IS
NEVER DISCOVERED.
4. DIPSOGENIC DIABETES
INSIPIDUS

• CAUSED BY A DEFECT
IN OR DAMAGE TO THE
THRIST MECHANISM,
WHICH LOCATED IN
HYPOTHALAMUS.
ABNORMAL THIRST &
EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF
WATER OR OTHER
liquids.

Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus
❖ WATER DEPRIVATION TEST: URINE
WILL BE VERY DILUTE, WITH
LOW LEVELS OF GLUCOSE, CALCIUM,
POTASSIUM
❖ VASOPRESSIN CHALLENGE TEST
❖ 24 HOURS URINE
❖ MRI OF PITUITARY,
HYPOTHALAMUS AND SKULL TO SEE
DAMAGED AREAS
Complication of diabetes
Insipidus
❖ Dehydration: In Diabetes
Insipidus, body will find it difficult
to retain enough water, even if drink
water constantly. This can lead to
dehydration.
❖ Electrolyte imbalance: If body
loses too much water, the
concentration of electrolytes (Na,
Ca, K, Mg, Cl, HCO3) can go up
simply.
What can I do to manage my diabetes insipidus?

• There is no specific preventive measure for initial disturbance. But If you

have diabetes insipidus, aside from medical treatment, it’s important to drink
water regularly to make sure you don’t get dehydrated.

• If you have a mild case of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, your healthcare

provider may recommend reducing the amount of salt and protein in your
diet, which will help your kidneys produce less urine. It’s important to
always talk to your provider before drastically changing your diet.

• If you have diabetes insipidus, it’s also important to see your provider
regularly to make sure your treatment is working and that you have the right
dosage of medication.
 Diabetes Mellitus

• Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce

enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose)
levels to be abnormally high.

• It is a disorder in which the amount of sugar in the blood is elevated.

Doctors often use the full name diabetes mellitus, rather than diabetes
alone, to distinguish this disorder from diabetes insipidus.
 Classification of DM
Dm is classified into two major
types.
1. Type-1 diabetes (IDDM)
2. Type-2 diabetes(NIDDM)
Type 1 Diabetes
In type 1 diabetes (formerly called insulin-dependent
diabetes or juvenile-onset diabetes), the body's
immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of
the pancreas, and more than 90% of them are
permanently destroyed. The pancreas, therefore,
produces little or no insulin. Only about 5 to 10% of
all people with diabetes have type 1 disease. Most
people who have type 1 diabetes develop the disease
before the age of 30, although it can be developed
later in life.
Type 2 Diabetes
• In type 2 diabetes (formerly called non–insulin-dependent
diabetes or adult-onset diabetes), the pancreas often
continues to produce insulin, sometimes even at higher-
than-normal levels, especially early in the disease.
However, the body develops resistance to the effects of
insulin, so there is not enough insulin to meet the body’s
needs. As type 2 diabetes progresses, the insulin-
producing ability of the pancreas decreases.
• Type 2 diabetes was once rare in children and adolescents
but has become more common. However, it usually begins
in people older than 30 and becomes progressively more
common with age. About 26% of people older than 65
have type 2 diabetes.
• Obesity is the chief risk factor for developing type 2
diabetes, and 80 to 90% of people with this disorder are
overweight or obese. Because obesity causes insulin
resistance, obese people may need large amounts of
insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels.
 Symptoms of DM
Causes of DM
Some of the symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 2
diabetes are:

1.feeling more thirsty than usual.

1.Overweight, obesity, and
physical inactivity
2.Insulin resistance
3.Genes and family history
4.Insulin resistance
5.Genes and family history
6.Genetic mutations
7.Hormonal diseases
8.Damage to or removal of
the pancreas
2.Urinating often.
3.increased hunger
4.feeling fatigue
4.blurred vision
5.numbness or tingling in the feet or hands
6.sores that do not heal
7.unexplained weight loss
8.presence of ketones in the urine
9.feeling irritable or having mood swings
10. Getting a lot of infections such as gum,
skin and vaginal infection
 When to see a doctor
1.If you think you or your child may have diabetes:-
If you notice any possible diabetes symptoms, contact
your health care provider. The earlier the condition is
diagnosed, the sooner treatment can begin.
2.If you've already been diagnosed with diabetes:-
After you receive your diagnosis, you'll need close
medical follow-up until your blood sugar levels
stabilize.
Risk Factors
Risk factors for diabetes depend on the
type of diabetes. Family history may play a
part in all types. Environmental factors and
geography can add to the risk of type 1
diabetes.
⇨Sometimes family members of people
with type 1 diabetes are tested for the
presence of diabetes immune system cells
(autoantibodies). If you have these
autoantibodies, you have an increased risk
of developing type 1 diabetes. But not
everyone who has these autoantibodies
develops diabetes.
⇨Race or ethnicity also may raise your risk of developing type 2
diabetes. Although it's unclear why, certain people — including
Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people —
are at higher risk.

⇨Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes are

more common in people who are overweight or obese.
 Factors that contribute to Diabetes
1. Sedentary lifestyle
2. Physical inactivity
3. Family tendency
4. Hx of BP (increase)
5. Fatigue energy( decrease)
6. Obese
7. Recurrent infections
8. Polyuria
9. Average age 50 years
10. FBS >126 mg/dl
11. Polydipsia
12. High cholesterol
13.race and ethnicity
 Complications of DM

Long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually. The longer you have diabetes —
and the less controlled your blood sugar — the higher the risk of complications. Eventually,
diabetes complications may be disabling or even life-threatening. In fact, prediabetes can
lead to type 2 diabetes. Possible complications include:

☞Heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease:-

Diabetes majorly increases the risk of many heart problems. These can
include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke
and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis). If you have diabetes, you're more
likely to have heart disease or stroke.
• Nerve damage from diabetes (diabetic neuropathy). Too much sugar can injure the
walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that nourish the nerves, especially in the
legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain that usually begins at the tips
of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward.

☞Kidney damage from diabetes (diabetic nephropathy):-

The kidneys hold millions of tiny blood vessel clusters (glomeruli) that filter waste from
the blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system.

☞Eye damage from diabetes (diabetic retinopathy):-

Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the eye. This could lead to blindness.

☞Foot damage:-Nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the
risk of many foot complications.
☞Skin and mouth conditions:- Diabetes may leave you more prone to skin problems,
including bacterial and fungal infections.

☞Hearing impairment:-
Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.

☞Alzheimer's disease:-
Type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease.

☞Depression related to diabetes:- Depression symptoms are common in people with

type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
 Prevention
Type 1 diabetes can't be prevented. But the healthy lifestyle choices
that help treat prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes
can also help prevent them:

2.Get more physical

1.Eat healthy foods:-
Choose foods lower in
fat and calories and
higher in fiber. Focus on
fruits, vegetables and
whole grains. Eat a
variety to keep from
feeling bored.
3.Lose excess pounds:- If
activity:-
you're overweight, losing even
Try to get about 30
7% of your body weight can
minutes of moderate
lower the risk of diabetes.
aerobic activity on
But don't try to lose weight
most days of the week.
during pregnancy. Talk to your
Or aim to get at least
provider about how much
150 minutes of
weight is healthy for you to
moderate aerobic
gain during pregnancy.
activity a week.
 GESTATIONAL DIABETES GDM

• Gestational diabetes (GDM) usually starts

between week 24 and week 28 of pregnancy when the
body does not produce enough insulin (the hormone
that helps convert sugar into energy) to deal with the
increased glucose, or sugar, that’s circulating in your
blood to help your baby grow. One of the most common
pregnancy complications, gestational diabetes.
 CLASSIFICATION OF GDM

• GDM CAN CLASSIFY AS:

1. A1 GDM AND
2. A2 GDM.
• GESTATIONAL DIABETES MANAGED WITHOUT MEDICATION AND
RESPONSIVE TO NUTRITIONAL THERAPY IS DIET-CONTROLLED
GESTATIONAL DIABETES (GDM) OR A1GDM.
 GESTATIONAL DIABETES ( CAUSES)
• CERTAIN WOMEN ARE AT INCREASED RISK OF DEVELOPING GESTATIONAL DIABETES. THIS INCLUDES
WOMEN WHO:

• ► ARE OVER 30 YEARS OF AGE

• ► HAVE A FAMILY HISTORY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

• ► ARE OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE

• ► HAVE PREVIOUSLY HAD GESTATIONAL DIABETES

• ► TAKE SOME ANTIPSYCHOTIC OR STEROID MEDICATIONS

• ► HAVE PREVIOUSLY HAD A BABY WHOSE BIRTH WEIGHT WAS GREATER THAN 4,500 GRAMS (4.5 KG)

• ► HAVE HAD A PREVIOUS COMPLICATED PREGNANCY.

• ► HAVE HAD POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME. SOME WOMEN WHO DEVELOP GESTATIONAL
DIABETES HAVE NO KNOWN RISK FACTORS.
 GESTATIONAL DIABETES (SYMPTOMS)

• GESTATIONAL DIABETES OFTEN DOESN'T HAVE ANY SYMPTOMS, BUT YOU MAY:
• ► FEEL TIRED
• ► HAVE A DRY MOUTH
• ► BE VERY THIRSTY
• ► WEE A LOT
• ► GET RECURRING INFECTIONS, SUCH AS THRUSH
• ► HAVE BLURRED VISION IF YOU HAVE ANY OF THESE SYMPTOMS, TELL YOUR
MIDWIFE OR DOCTOR.
 RISK FACTORS

• RISK FACTORS FOR GESTATIONAL DIABETES INCLUDE:

• BEING OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE
• NOT BEING PHYSICALLY ACTIVE
• HAVING PREDIABETES
• HAVING HAD GESTATIONAL DIABETES DURING A PREVIOUS PREGNANCY
• HAVING POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME
• HAVING AN IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBER WITH DIABETES
• HAVING PREVIOUSLY DELIVERED A BABY WEIGHING MORE THAN 9 POUNDS (4.1
KILOGRAMS)
 ARE YOU AT RISK?

YOU ARE MORE LIKELY TO GET GESTATIONAL DIABETES IF:

► YOU WERE OVERWEIGHT BEFORE YOU GOT PREGNANT.
► YOU ARE AFRICAN-AMERICAN, ASIAN, HISPANIC, OR NATIVE AMERICAN.
► YOUR BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS ARE HIGH, BUT NOT HIGH ENOUGH TO
BE DIABETES.
► DIABETES RUNS IN YOUR FAMILY.
► YOU’VE HAD GESTATIONAL DIABETES BEFORE.
 COMPLICATIONS

• 1.EXCESSIVE BIRTH WEIGHT.

• 2.EARLY (PRETERM) BIRTH.
• 3.SERIOUS BREATHING DIFFICULTIES.
• 4.LOW BLOOD SUGAR (HYPOGLYCEMIA).
• 5.OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES LATER IN LIFE.
 TREATMENT

• TREATMENT FOR GESTATIONAL DIABETES INCLUDES:

• 1.LIFESTYLE CHANGES
• 2.BLOOD SUGAR MONITORING
• 3.MEDICATION, IF NECESSARY
• MANAGING OUR BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS HELPS KEEP YOU AND YOUR BABY
HEALTHY. CLOSE MANAGEMENT CAN ALSO HELP YOU AVOID COMPLICATIONS
DURING PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY.
 PREVENTION

• 1.EAT HEALTHY FOODS: CHOOSE FOODS HIGH IN FIBER AND LOW IN FAT AND CALORIES. FOCUS
ON FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND WHOLE GRAINS. STRIVE FOR VARIETY TO HELP US ACHIEVE OUR
GOALS WITHOUT COMPROMISING TASTE OR NUTRITION. WATCH PORTION SIZES.

• 2.KEEP ACTIVE: EXERCISING BEFORE AND DURING PREGNANCY CAN HELP PROTECT FROM
DEVELOPING GESTATIONAL DIABETES.

• 3.START PREGNANCY AT A HEALTHY WEIGHT: IF YOU'RE PLANNING TO GET PREGNANT, LOSING

EXTRA WEIGHT BEFOREHAND MAY HELP YOU HAVE A HEALTHIER PREGNANCY. FOCUS ON MAKING
LASTING CHANGES TO YOUR EATING HABITS THAT CAN HELP YOU THROUGH PREGNANCY, SUCH
AS EATING MORE VEGETABLES AND FRUITS.

• 4.DON'T GAIN MORE WEIGHT THAN RECOMMENDED: GAINING SOME WEIGHT DURING PREGNANCY
IS TYPICAL AND HEALTHY. BUT GAINING TOO MUCH WEIGHT TOO QUICKLY CAN INCREASE YOUR
RISK OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES.
 HYPERGLYCEMIA

• HYPERGLYCEMIA (HIGH BLOOD SUGAR) IS COMMON IN PEOPLE

WHO HAVE DIABETES. IF IT’S LEFT UNTREATED, CHRONIC
HYPERGLYCEMIA CAN LEAD TO DIABETES COMPLICATIONS,
SUCH AS NERVE DAMAGE, EYE DISEASE AND KIDNEY DAMAGE.
● Increased thirst
● Frequent urination
● Blurred vision
● Tiredness or weakness
● Headache
● Nausea and vomiting
● Shortness of breath
● Stomach pain
● Fruity breath odor
● A very dry mouth
 WHAT CAUSES HYPERGLYCEMIA?

• HYPERGLYCEMIA MOST OFTEN RESULTS FROM A LACK OF INSULIN. THIS

CAN HAPPEN DUE TO INSULIN RESISTANCE AND/OR ISSUES WITH YOUR
PANCREAS — THE ORGAN THAT MAKES INSULIN.

• OTHER HORMONES CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF

HYPERGLYCEMIA AS WELL. EXCESS CORTISOL (THE “STRESS HORMONE”)
OR GROWTH HORMONE, FOR EXAMPLE, CAN LEAD TO HIGH BLOOD SUGAR:
 CAUSES

• HYPERGLYCEMIA USUALLY OCCURS IN PEOPLE WITH PREDIABETES OR

DIABETES. THE CAUSES OF HYPERGLYCEMIA IN PEOPLE WITH DIABETES
INCLUDE:
• EATING MORE THAN THE BODY REQUIRES FOR ITS ENERGY NEEDS
• NOT GETTING ENOUGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
• EXPERIENCING STRESS IN WORK, LIFE, AND RELATIONSHIPS, WHICH CAN
RELEASE HORMONES THAT KEEP GLUCOSE AT HIGH LEVELS IN THE BLOOD
• HAVING AN ILLNESS, SUCH AS THE FLU, WHICH MIGHT LEAD TO STRESS THAT
CAUSES A SPIKE IN BLOOD SUGAR
 WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF
HYPERGLYCEMIA?
• PROLONGED (CHRONIC) HYPERGLYCEMIA OVER THE YEARS CAN DAMAGE
BLOOD VESSELS AND TISSUES IN YOUR BODY. THIS CAN LEAD TO A VARIETY
OF COMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING:
• RETINOPATHY.
• NEPHROPATHY.
• NEUROPATHY.
• GASTROPARESIS.
• HEART DISEASE.
• STROKE.
 TREATMENT

• A PERSON WITH DIABETES CAN TAKE STEPS TO REDUCE, PREVENT, AND TREAT BLOOD GLUCOSE SPIKES. THESE
STEPS INCLUDE:

• BLOOD SUGAR MONITORING: IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR A PERSON WITH DIABETES TO TRACK THEIR BLOOD SUGAR
LEVELS AS RECOMMENDED BY THEIR DOCTOR. BLOOD GLUCOSE TESTS HELP CATCH HYPERGLYCEMIA BEFORE IT
BECOMES A PROBLEM.

• EXERCISE: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY USES EXCESS GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD. HOWEVER, PEOPLE SHOULD AVOID
EXERCISE IF THEY HAVE SEVERE HYPERGLYCEMIA AND FIND KETONES IN THEIR URINE. EXERCISE BREAKS DOWN
MORE FATS AND MIGHT SPEED UP KETOACIDOSIS.

• DIET CHANGES: CONTROLLING PORTIONS DURING MEALTIMES AND SNACKING LESS — ALONG WITH MONITORING
CARBOHYDRATE QUALITY AND QUANTITY — HELPS KEEP THE AMOUNT OF GLUCOSE AT A LEVEL THE BODY CAN
HANDLE.

• MEDICATION ALTERATIONS: A DOCTOR MAY RECOMMEND CHANGING THE TIMINGS OR TYPES OF MEDICATION
AND INSULIN A PERSON TAKES IF THEIR BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS REMAIN ELEVATED.

• STRESS MANAGEMENT: HIGH STRESS LEVELS CAN IMPACT HORMONES AND BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS. IT IS
IMPORTANT FOR PEOPLE WITH DIABETES TO FIND WAYS TO MANAGE STRESS, SUCH AS PRIORITIZING SLEEP AND
TRYING RELAXATION TECHNIQUES, LIKE MEDITATION
 RISK FACTORS

• MANY FACTORS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO HYPERGLYCEMIA, INCLUDING:

• NOT USING ENOUGH INSULIN OR OTHER DIABETES MEDICATION
• NOT INJECTING INSULIN PROPERLY OR USING EXPIRED INSULIN
• NOT FOLLOWING YOUR DIABETES EATING PLAN
• BEING INACTIVE
• HAVING AN ILLNESS OR INFECTION
• USING CERTAIN MEDICATIONS, SUCH AS STEROIDS OR IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
• BEING INJURED OR HAVING SURGERY
• EXPERIENCING EMOTIONAL STRESS, SUCH AS FAMILY PROBLEMS OR WORKPLACE
ISSUES
 LOW BLOOD SUGAR (HYPOGLYCAEMIA)

• A LOW BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL, ALSO CALLED HYPOGLYCAEMIA OR A

"HYPO", IS WHERE THE LEVEL OF SUGAR (GLUCOSE) IN YOUR
BLOOD DROPS TOO LOW.
• IT MAINLY AFFECTS PEOPLE WITH DIABETES, ESPECIALLY IF THEY TAKE
INSULIN.
• A LOW BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL CAN BE DANGEROUS IF IT'S NOT TREATED
QUICKLY, BUT YOU CAN USUALLY TREAT IT EASILY YOURSELF.
 SYMPTOMS OF A LOW BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

• Early signs of a low blood sugar level If a low blood sugar level is not treated, you
include: may get other symptoms, such as:
• weakness
• sweating
• blurred vision
• feeling tired • confusion or difficulty concentrating
• dizziness • unusual behaviour, slurred speech or
• feeling hungry clumsiness (like being drunk)
• tingling lips • feeling sleepy
• seizures or fits
• feeling shaky or trembling
• collapsing or passing out
• a fast or pounding heartbeat ( A low blood sugar level, or hypo, can also
palpitations) happen while you're sleeping. This may cause
• becoming easily irritated, tearful, you to wake up during the night or
anxious or moody cause headaches, tiredness or damp sheets
• turning pale (from sweat) in the morning.
 WHAT CAUSES HYPOGLYCEMIA (LOW BLOOD
SUGAR) IN PEOPLE WITH DIABETES?
• COMMON SITUATIONS THAT CAN LEAD TO HYPOGLYCEMIA FOR PEOPLE WITH DIABETES INCLUDE:
• TAKING TOO MUCH INSULIN, THE WRONG INSULIN OR INJECTING IT INTO YOUR MUSCLE INSTEAD
OF IN YOUR FAT TISSUE.
• NOT TIMING INSULIN AND CARB INTAKE CORRECTLY (FOR EXAMPLE, WAITING TOO LONG TO EAT A
MEAL AFTER TAKING INSULIN FOR THE MEAL).
• TAKING TOO MUCH OR TOO HIGH OF A DOSE OF ORAL DIABETES MEDICATIONS.
• BEING MORE ACTIVE THAN USUAL.
• DRINKING ALCOHOL WITHOUT EATING.
• EATING MEALS LATER THAN USUAL OR SKIPPING MEALS.
• NOT BALANCING MEALS BY INCLUDING FAT, PROTEIN AND FIBER.
 HOW IS HYPOGLYCEMIA (LOW BLOOD SUGAR)
TREATED?
• YOU TREAT MILD TO MODERATE HYPOGLYCEMIA BY EATING OR DRINKING SUGAR
(CARBOHYDRATES).
• THE AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION RECOMMENDS THE “15-15 RULE” TO TREAT AN
EPISODE OF MILD TO MODERATE HYPOGLYCEMIA:
• EAT OR DRINK 15 GRAMS OF FAST-ACTING CARBS TO RAISE YOUR BLOOD SUGAR.
• AFTER 15 MINUTES, CHECK YOUR BLOOD SUGAR.
• IF IT’S STILL BELOW 70 MG/DL, HAVE ANOTHER 15 GRAMS OF FAST-ACTING CARBS.
• REPEAT UNTIL YOUR BLOOD SUGAR IS AT LEAST 70 MG/DL.
• To know how many carbs you’re
eating, read food nutrition labels.
Some examples of foods that contain
about 15 grams of fast-acting carbs
include:
• 1 small piece of fruit, such as half a
banana.
• 4 ounces (half-cup) of juice or regular
soda (not diet).
• 1 tablespoon of sugar, honey or syrup.
• 1 tube of instant glucose gel (check the
instructions).
• 3 to 4 glucose tablets (check the
instructions).
• If you have symptoms of hypoglycemia
but can’t check your blood sugar, use
the 15-15 rule until you feel better
 PREVENTION

• The following steps can help prevent low blood sugar:

• Take all your medications exactly as prescribed.
• Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions about food and exercise.
• Use a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) or check your blood sugar
regularly, including before and after meals, before and after exercise and
before bed.
• After you’ve treated a low blood sugar episode, write down the details of
the episode. Include details such as the time, what you ate recently,
whether you exercised, the symptoms and your glucose level. This can help
you and your provider adjust your management plan to try and prevent
future lows
 KETOACIDOSIS

• INTRODUCE
• DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS IS A LIFE-THREATENING PROBLEM THAT
AFFECTS PEOPLE WITH DIABETES. IT OCCURS WHEN THE BODY
STARTS BREAKING DOWN FAT AT A RATE THAT IS MUCH TOO FAST.
THE LIVER PROCESSES THE FAT INTO A FUEL CALLED KETONES,
WHICH CAUSES THE BLOOD TO BECOME ACIDIC.
KETOACIDOSIS PROCESS
 SYMPTOMS

• 1.FAST, DEEP BREATHING.

• 2.DRY SKIN AND MOUTH.
• 3.FLUSHED FACE.
• 4.FRUITY-SMELLING BREATH.
• 5.HEADACHE.
• 6.MUSCLE STIFFNESS OR ACHES.
• 7.BEING VERY TIRED.
• 8.NAUSEA AND VOMITING.
• 9.STOMACH PAIN
 RISK FACTORS

• 1.HAVE TYPE 1 DIABETES

• 2.OFTEN MISS INSULIN DOSES
• SOMETIMES, DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS CAN OCCUR WITH TYPE 2
DIABETES. IN SOME CASES, DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS MAY BE
THE FIRST SIGN OF HAVING DIABETES.
 COMPLICATIONS

• 1.LOW BLOOD SUGAR, ALSO KNOWN AS HYPOGLYCEMIA. INSULIN ALLOWS SUGAR TO

ENTER CELLS. THIS CAUSES THE BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL TO DROP. IF THE BLOOD SUGAR
LEVEL DROPS TOO QUICKLY, THE DROP CAN LEAD TO LOW BLOOD SUGAR.
• 2.LOW POTASSIUM, ALSO KNOWN AS HYPOKALEMIA. THE FLUIDS AND INSULIN USED
TO TREAT DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS CAN CAUSE THE POTASSIUM LEVEL TO DROP TOO
LOW. A LOW POTASSIUM LEVEL CAN AFFECT THE HEART, MUSCLES AND NERVES. TO
AVOID THIS, POTASSIUM AND OTHER MINERALS ARE USUALLY GIVEN WITH FLUID
REPLACEMENT AS PART OF THE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS.
• 3.SWELLING IN THE BRAIN, ALSO KNOWN AS CEREBRAL EDEMA. ADJUSTING THE
BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL TOO QUICKLY CAN CAUSE THE BRAIN TO SWELL. THIS APPEARS
TO BE MORE COMMON IN CHILDREN, ESPECIALLY THOSE WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED
DIABETES.
 DIET FOR DKA

• KETOGENIC DIETS VARY BUT WILL CONSIST OF

ABOUT 50–55% FAT, 30–35% PROTEIN, AND 5–10% — OR
20–50 GRAMS — OF CARBS PER DAY. FOCUS ON HIGH
FAT, LOW CARB FOODS LIKE EGGS, MEATS, DAIRY, AND
LOW CARB VEGETABLES, AS WELL AS SUGAR-FREE
BEVERAGES.
Leading complications
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY :

Diabetic retinopathy (dieuhBETik

retihNOPuh thee) is a diabetes complication
that affects eyes. It's caused by damage to the
blood vessels of the light-- the sensitive tissue
at back of the eye (retina). At first, diabetic
retinopathy might cause no symptoms or only
mild vision problems. But it can lead to
blindness. The condition can develop in
anyone who has type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
The longer you have diabetes and the less co
ntrolled your blood sugar is, the more likely
you are to develop this eye complication.
Symptoms
You might not have symptoms in
the early stages of diabetic
retinopathy.As the condition
progresses,you might develop:
• Spots or dark strings floating
in your vision (floaters)
• Blurred vision
• Fluctuating vision
• Dark Or empty area in your
vision
• Vision loss
 DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY :

• Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of

type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. It's also called
diabetic kidney disease. In the United States, about
1 in 3 people living with diabetes have diabetic
nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy affects the
kidneys' ability to do their usual work of removing
waste products and extra fluid from your body. The
best way to pr event or delay diabetic nephropathy
is by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and adequately
managing your diabetes and high blood pressure.
Over many years, the condition
slowly damages your kidneys'
delicate filtering system. Early
treatment may prevent or slow
the disease's progress and
reduce the chance of
complications. Kidney disease
may progress to kidney failure,
also called end failure is a life--
stage kidney disease. Kidney
threatening condition. At this
stage, treatment options are
dialysi transplant.
 DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage that is caused by diabetes. Over time,
high blood glucose levels, also called blood sugar, and high levels of fats,
such as triglycerides, in the blood from diabetes can damage your nerves.
Symptoms depend on which type of diabetic neuropathy you have.

Peripheral Autonomic Neuropathy

Neuropathy
Peripheral Neurop athy Peripheral
neuropathy is a type of nerve
damage that typically affects the feet
and legs and sometimes affects the
hands and arms. This type of
neuropathy is very common. About
onethird to onehalf of people wit h
diabetes have peripheral neuropathy
Autonomic neuropathy is damage to
nerves that control your internal
organs, leading to problems with
your heart rate and blood pressure,
digestive system, bladder, sex
organs, sweat glands, and eyes. The
damage can also lead to
hypoglycemia unawareness
 Focal Neuropathies

• Focal neuropathies are conditions in which

you typically have damage to single nerves,
most often in your hand, head, torso, or leg.
The most common types of focal neuropathy
are entrapment syndromes, such as carpal
tunnel syndrome. Other types of focal
neuropathy are much less common.

Proximal Neuropathy

• Proximal neuropathy is a rare and disabling

type of nerve dama ge in your hip, buttock, or
thigh. The damage typically affects one side of
your body and may rarely spread to the other
side. Symptoms gradually improve over a
period of months or years.
Diagnosis
 There are several ways to diagnose diabetes. Each way usually needs to be repeated on
a second day to diagnose diabetes.
Testing should be carried out in a health care setting (such as your doctor’s office or a
lab). If your doctor determines that your blood glucose (blood sugar) level is very high, or
if you have classic symptoms of high blood glucose in addition to one positive test, your
doctor may not require a second test to diagnose diabetes.

A1C • Diabetes is diagnosed at an

The A1C test measures A1C of greater than or equal
your average blood to 6.5%
glucose for the past
two to three months.
The advantages of Result A1C
being diagnosed this Normal less than 5.7%
way are that you don't
have to fast or drink
Prediabetes 5.7% to 6.4%
anything.

Diabetes 6.5% or higher

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
This test checks your fasting blood glucose levels.
Fasting means after not having anything to eat or
drink (except water) for at least 8 hours before the
test. This test is usually done first thing in the
morning, before breakfast.

• Diabetes is diagnosed at fasting blood glucose of

greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl

Result Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Normal less than 100 mg/dl

Prediabetes 100 mg/dl to 125 mg/dl

Diabetes 126 mg/dl or higher

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
The OGTT is a two-hour test that checks your
blood glucose levels before and two hours
after you drink a special sweet drink. It tells
the doctor how your body processes sugar.
• Diabetes is diagnosed at two-hour blood
glucose of greater than or equal to 200
mg/dl

Result Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Normal less than 140 mg/dl

Prediabetes 140 to 199 mg/dl

Diabetes 200 mg/dl or higher

 Random (also called Casual) Plasma
Glucose Test
This test is a blood check at any time of the
day when you have severe diabetes
symptoms.
Diabetes is diagnosed at blood glucose of
greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl

Results indicating prediabetes are:

• An A1C of 5.7–6.4%
• Fasting blood glucose of 100–125 mg/dl
• An OGTT two-hour blood glucose of 140–199
mg/dl
Guidelines for diabetic patient
 GLYCEMIC INDEX

• THE GLYCEMIC INDEX IS A VALUE ASSIGNED TO FOODS

BASED ON HOW QUICKLY AND HOW HIGH THOSE
FOODS CAUSE INCREASES IN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS.
FOODS LOW ON THE GLYCEMIC INDEX (GI) SCALE
TEND TO RELEASE GLUCOSE SLOWLY AND STEADILY.
 Prevention
Lifestyle changes are the best way to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.

To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should:

To reach and keep a

health body weight
• stay physically active
with at least 30 minutes
of moderate exercise
each day
• eat a healthy diet and
avoid sugar and
saturated fat
• not smoke tobacco.
 The End

Thank you