VARIABLES

Activity 1. Idea Extension: Check the words in the list

that can operate as variables in any research study.

water voice textbooks

skills handwriting economic status
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experience life plans physical exercise
world class size Dreams
academic grades
reading comprehension
aspirations
 Variables
• “changing qualities or
characteristics” of persons, or things
like age, gender, intelligence, ideas,
achievements, confidence …so on..
that are involved in the research
study.
 Remember…..

• determine the variables involved in your

study at the start of your study.
A variable is defined as
anything that has a quantity
or quality that varies.
 Basic Types
• Independent Variables –
cause changes in the subject
• Dependent Variables – are
those that bear or manifest
the effects caused by the
independent variables.

Cause – comes from

independent; Effect – on the
dependent
• In an experimental research, the
independent variable as the
condition or treatment applied to
the experimental group is under the
control, direction, or manipulation of
the researcher or experimenter.
 Other Types Of Variables
1. Extraneous – are to be controlled by the
experimenter
2. Confounding - are variables that the
researcher failed to control, or
eliminate, damaging the internal validity
of an experiment.
3. Constant – do not undergo any changes
during the experiment.
4. Attribute – characteristics of people:
intelligence, creativity, anxiety, learning
styles, etc..
5. Covariate – included in the research
study to create interactions with the
independent and dependent variables.
6. Continuous – quantitative in nature
and is used in interval or ration scale of
measurement.
7. Dichotomous – has only two results:
one or zero; male or female..
8. Latent – cannot be directly observed
like personality traits.
9. Manifest – can be directly
observed to give proofs to latent
variables.
10. Exogenous – found outside an
identified model.
11. Endogenous – found inside; as a
part of identified model
• Variables like the number of crops
produced are endogenous, and
they often depend on several
other variables, including pests,
crop diseases and weather, which
are exogenous variables that exist
outside of the model.
 Activity 2. Identify the IV and DV
1. How does logical thinking develop critical thinking?
2. What are the effects of Koreanovelas on Filipino
viewers?
3. In what way does collaborative learning increase
communicative competence?
4. To what extent does texting decrease students’
grammatical competence?
5. What corrupt practices trigger off one’s
resignation?
NO ERASURES