Physics project

Physics project

Name - Binit Nunia

Class - 11
Rollno - 32
Name - Binit Nunia
Class - 11
Roll no - 32
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that “ Binit Nunia’’ Class
XI has satisfactorily completed the
project on “ capillary rise ” under the
guidance of “ kamlesh kumar ” during
the session 2023-2024

Signature Signature Signature

Internal Examiner External Examiner Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my chemistry teacher
"kamlesh kumar ", who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project of " capillary rise".

I came to know about so many new things

I am really thankful to them. Secondly i
would also like to thank my parents and
friends who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited time frame.
 INDEX
• Introduction
• Principal of capillary action
• Factor influencing capillary rise
• Capillary rise Experiment
• Mathematical formula
• Application in nature
• Laboratory experiment
• Challenges and limitations
• Conclusion
• Reference
RODUCTION

• Capillary rise in fine sands is

important because of the wide
distribution of unconsolidated
sediment covering the earth

• Data on capillary rise varies

considerably; further review is
necessary to constrain data

• Researching the controls of capillary

rise in fine-grained sand will help
provide insight into applied situations
affecting industry, infrastructure,
agriculture, and environmental
consulting
 PRINCIPAL OF
CAPILLARY ACTION

^The capillary method is one of the

oldest methods used to determine
the surface tension in liquids or
gases. Capillary rise takes place due
to the cohesive and the adhesive
forces that force the liquid to rise in
the tube through a very small
diameter
 FACTOR INFLUENCING
CAPILLARY RISE
There are many reasons for the rise of water in capillary. The
height to which the water rises in the capillary tube depends
on the following factors.
Capillary rise is inversely proportional to the density of the
liquid.
Directly proportional to the surface tension of the liquid
Inversely proportional to the bore of the capillary tube.
In the case of a capillary tube, its bore size is very small due
to which the points on the surface are very close to the walls
and the rest of the surface becomes curved. When we
immerse capillary in water which is concave on the upward
side, the air pressure at that time becomes atmospheric
pressure. The pressure on the convex side of the free surface
is less than that on the concave side. The pressure at points
just below the flat surface of water in the surrounding vessel
is atmospheric pressure. The system loses its equilibrium due
to which the water rises in the capillary.

Note :
Adhesion of water to the walls of a vessel will cause an upward force on
the liquid at the edges and result in a meniscus which turns upward.
Capillary action occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than
the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules
 Capillary rise Experiment

The capillary rise method is a common

technique used to measure the surface
tension of a liquid, such as water. When a
capillary tube is placed in a liquid, the
liquid will rise in the tube due to the
surface tension acting along the
circumference of the tube's contact points
Mathematical formula
 Application in nature

Capillary action helps bring water up into

the roots. But capillary action can only
"pull" water up a small distance, after
which it cannot overcome gravity. To get
water up to all the branches and leaves,
the forces of adhesion and cohesion go to
work in the plant's xylem to move water
to the furthest leaf.
 LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT
Take three capillary tubes of different radii.
Clean the tubes and dry them and then
clamp them to a metallic plate to increase
the radius. Clamp a pointer after the third
capillary tube. Clamp the horizontal handle
of the metallic plate in a vertical stand so
that the capillary tube and the pointer
become vertical.
 Challenges and
limitations

Capillary tube device is not useful at

variable load. High cleaning is
required. There should be no moister
or any dirt particles in the tube.
Compressor leads to damage when
there are any liquid particles
remaining in the evaporator at the time
of shut down.
 Conclusion

Results indicate that the capillary rise

progressively reduces for increasing
α, contrary to Jurin's law predictions.
It is observed further that the
meniscus seems not to change in
shape while varying the tube
orientation. Possible consequences of
the above observations on the statics
of capillary tubes are commented.
 Reference
For successfully completing
my project file. I have taken
help from the following
website links
wikipedia
CBSE