REVIEW OF THE PAST LESSON

WATER CYCLE
NITROGEN CYCLE
OXYGEN AND
CARBON DIOXIDE
CYCLE
What did you eat on
your breakfast?
Why do we need to
it?
FLOW IN
THE
ECOSYSTE
M
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the
students will be able to:
A.Describe the transfer of energy
through the trophic levels;
B.Differentiate food chain from food
web; and
C. Construct examples of food chain
and food web .
WHAT ARE PRODUCERS?
Producers = Plants
Producers are also
known as autotrophs.
Producers need
sunlight to make
food.
The sun is their
main source of
energy.
 What are consumers?
Consumers = Everything
else!
Consumers are also
known as
heterotrophs.
Energy flows from
producers to
consumers.
ALMOST ALL PRODUCERS
OBTAIN ENERGY FROM
SUNLIGHT.
 Chemosynthesis
 In 1977, scientists
discovered the first
prokaryotes
(archaea) that did
NOT need sunlight to
make food.
 Instead, these
prokaryotes utilized
the chemicals in the
water to form
carbohydrates—this
is called
chemosynthesis.
FOOD CHAIN
AND FOOD
WEB
A food chain is a
FOOD CHAINS

sequence that
links species by
their feeding
relationships.
TYPES
OF
CONSUMERS
 CONSUMERS
 Herbivores
Eat only plants
 Carnivores
Eat only meat (includes insects)
 Omnivores
Eat both plants and animals (includes insects)
 Detritivores
Eat detritus, or dead organic matter
 Decomposers
Are detritivores that break down organic matter
into simpler compounds
HERBIVORES
CARNIVORES
OMNIVORES
Detritivores
TYPES OF CONSUMERS
 Specialist
A consumer that Giant Pandas are
specialists. Over
primarily eats 95% of their diet
one specific comes from
organism or feed bamboo. If bamboo
on a very small became scarce, the
number of Panda would be in
danger of
organisms. extinction.
 Generalist

Consumers Raccoons are

generalists.
that have a
They can live
varying diet.
almost
anywhere, and
eat almost
anything.
TROPHIC LEVELS
Trophic
levels are
the levels of
nourishmen
t in a food
chain.
TROPHIC LEVELS
 Producers
 Basis of all trophic levels.
 Primary consumers
 herbivores
 Secondary consumers
 carnivores that eat
herbivores.
 Tertiary consumers
 carnivores that eat
secondary consumers.
 Omnivores
 May be listed at different
trophic levels in different
food chains.
FOOD WEBS
 A food web is a model
that shows the
complex network of
feeding relationships
and the flow of energy
within and sometimes
beyond an ecosystems.

 At each link in a
food web, some
energy is stored
within an organism,
and some energy is
dissipated into the
environment.
FOOD WEBS

 The stability of any

food web depends
on the presence of
producers, as they
form the base of the
food web.
The mouse is both a
primary and secondary
consumer because it eats
both plants and insects
LOSS OF AVAILABLE ENERGY
 Biomass is a measure of the total mass of organisms in a given area.
 When a consumer incorporates the biomass of a producer to its own
biomass, a great deal of energy is lost in the process as heat and waste.
 The dissipation, or loss, of energy from one trophic level to the next may be as
much as 90%.
 Only 10% of the available energy is left to transfer from one trophic level to the
next.
ENERGY PYRAMIDS
 Because energy is lost at
each stage of a food chain,
the longer the chain is, the
more energy is lost overall.
 The total energy used by
producers far exceeds the
energy used by the
consumers they support.
 An energy pyramid is a
diagram that compares the
energy used by producers,
primary consumers, and other
trophic levels.
OTHER PYRAMID MODELS ILLUSTRATE AN
ECOSYSTEM’S BIOMASS AND DISTRIBUTION
OF ORGANISMS.
 Biomass pyramid
 Diagram that compares the 5
biomass of different trophic
levels within an ecosystem.
5,000
 Pyramid of numbers
 Shows the number of
individual organisms at each 500,000
trophic level in an ecosystem.

5,000,0000
GROUP
ACTIVITY
 THE
MONFORT
BAT CAVE
The Island of Samar, part of Davao del Norte Province, is off the coast of Mindanao. In
this island is the Monfort Bat cave which is approximately 245 feet (75 meters) long and
has five entrances. Bats cover 75 percent of its ceilings and walls. An estimated 1.8 bats,
the largest known population of the Geoffroy’s rousette fruit bats in the world, are
overloading Monfort Bat cave on the Philippines’ Samal Island.
Geoffroy’s rousette fruit bats feed on fruit and nectar. Their role as pollinators and
seed disperse is essential in sustaining Philippine forests, including such important
commercial fruits as durian. Each bat consumes 1 ½ to its body weight nightly in fruit and
nectar. This colony could consume 550 tons( 500, 000 kilograms) of nectar and durian
and other trees, pollinating an incredible number of flowers
Worldwide, cave – dwelling bats are in alarming decline due to alarming decline
due to human disturbance and destruction of their cave roosts. In some areas , including
Samal Island, bats are captured and eaten by humans. Colonies like the one in Monfort Bat
cave are now rare and in urgent need of protection. Their loss would be endanger the
health of forests and human economies.
The bat’s colony should be able to survive natural predators - crows, rats , 10 –
foot (3 meters) pythons and occasional monitor lizards – just as bat populations do
elsewhere. Untamed dogs and cats , however ,
also seem to do hunting at Monfort Bat cave.
ASSESSMENT:

WHO WANTS TO
BE A
T
In a bond paper make a
sample of food web in your
own locality. You can draw it
or cut pictures to represent
each organism.
CRITERIA