ME Board Examination

Training Sessions 1
Mathematics and Basic Engineering Sciences
Topics
• Algebra • Engineering Economics
• Trigonometry • Statics
• Geometry • Dynamics
• Analytic Geometry • ME Laws
• Calculus • Strength of Materials
• Differential Equations • Fluid Mechanics
• Advanced Mathematics • Thermodynamics
Algebra 1
• Algebra – taken from the Arabic word “al-jabr” which means
restoration.
• - science of “restoration”, “completion”, “reduction”, or “balancing”.
• - branch of mathematics in which symbols (usually letters) represent
unknown numbers in mathematical equations.
Number – is an item that describes magnitude
and position
• Types:
• Cardinal – number that describes magnitude (size) or quantity of the
collection of objects. Ex. 1, 2, 3, . . . . . .
• Ordinal – number that describes position relative to an ordering. Ex.
1st, 2nd, 3rd, . . . . .
Roman Numerals – consists of seven symbols
written in Latin Alphabet.
•I–1 • Example:
• V–5 • MCMXCVIII
• X – 10
• L – 50
• C – 100
• D – 500
• M – 1,000
•
Number System
• Complex Numbers
• Composed of real and imaginary numbers
• Aka “Gaussian Integer”
• Plot in “Argand Diagram”
• a+bi (where a & b are both real numbers)
• If a=0, 0+bi is pure imaginary number
• If b=0, a+0i is real number
Complex Number

Real Numbers Imaginary Numbers

• Rational Numbers – can be
expressed in ratio of two integer.
Example: ½, -3, 0.75, 0.696969…
• Irrational Numbers – cannot be
expressed in ratio of two integer. SURD – radical expressing
Example: π, e, √2 (first known irrational number.
irrational number) – aka
“Transcendental Numbers” • If index is not shown, it is implied
to be 2.
Rational Numbers

Integers Non-integers or Fractions

• Negative integers (lesser than 0),
zero (0), and positive integers
(greater than 0)
Whole Numbers -
Positive/Natural/Counting
Numbers -
• Terminating decimals.
Examples: 0.5, 1/8 etc.
• Non-terminating but repeating
decimals.
Examples: 0.45454545… or 5/11
Positive Number

Prime Number Composite Number

• Is a natural number greater than • Is a positive integer that has
1 that has no positive divisors atleast one divisor other than 1
other than 1 and itself. and itself.
• Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, etc. • Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9, etc.
Terminologies
• Twin Prime – is a prime number that is either 2 less or 2 more than
another prime number. Examples: (41, 43), (11, 13)
• EMIRP – is a prime number that results in a different prime when its
digits are reversed. Examples: (13, 31), (17, 71)
• Happy Number – is a number defined by the following process:
starting with any positive integer, replace the numbers by the sum of
the squares of its digits and repeat the process until the number
equals 1. Numbers that do not end in 1 are unhappy numbers.
Significant Figures
• The significant figures of a WITH DECIMAL – count from
number are those digits that right to left and only stop at a
carry meaning contributing to its non-zero digit.
precision. 200.00 – 5 SF
Rules: 0.00000000009 – 1 SF
WITHOUT DECIMAL – trailing 0.5500 – 4 SF
zeros are not significant.
0.0004040 – 4 SF
5000 – 1 SF
3003000 – 4 SF
Rounding off Numbers
• 6, 7, 8, 9 – round up • Example:
• 4, 3, 2, 1 – retain • Round off number 9003.85 into
• NOTE: 5 SF
• Decimals ending in “5” • Ans. 9003.8
• Even – retain • Round off number 9003.75 into
5 SF
• Odd – round up
• Ans. 9003.8
Least Common Multiple (LCM)
• Is the smallest counting numbers that/which is a multiple of each of
the given numbers.
• The LCM is the product of the prime factors with the highest power in
the factorization
• Example
• 4 – 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, . . .
• 5 – 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, . . .
• LCM: 20
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
• Is the largest counting numbers which is a factor of each of the given
numbers
• The GCF is the product of the smallest prime factors common to both.
• 10 – (10 & 1), (5 & 2)
• 20 – (20 & 1), (10 & 2), (5 & 4)
• GCF: 10
Logarithms
• The logarithm of a number “N” to the base “b” is the exponent or
power to which the base must be raised to obtain “N” .

• The antilogarithm is the inverse of the logarithm function. Or simple

antilogarithm is the exponentiation of a logarithm.
Logarithms – logus (ratio) and arithmus
(number)
John Napier Henry Briggs
• Napier Logarithm • Briggsian Logarithm
• Natural Logarithm • Common Logarithm
• Base “e” • Base “10”
Logarithm Properties
• Characteristics – integral part of
a common logarithm
• Mantissa – the non-negative
decimal part
• Note: Logarithm of a Number =
Characteristics + Mantissa
• Cologarithm • Ex.
• 1 – characteristics
• 0.477121255 - mantissa
Algebraic Equations
• For factoring and expansion:
• Use CALC on the calculator and try all the choices.
Theory of Equations
Remainder Theorem: Equate the Factor Theorem: Equate the divisor to
divisor to zero, solve for x. zero, solve for x.

• To do this, just input the given • If using CALC and got 0,

dividend and use CALC using the therefore we can say (x-r) is a
root (r). factor.
Quadratic Equations
• General Equation: • Nature of roots:
• Discriminant:
• Quadratic Formula (roots): One root (real & equal): D=0
Roots are real & unequal: D>0
• Calcu: Mode 5 (EQN), 3 Roots are imgnry/cmplx: D<0
(aX2+bX+c=0)
• Sum of roots:
• Product of roots:
CALCU TECH
• 1 unknown 1 equation: shift solve or trial and error
• 2 unknowns 2 equations: Mode 5, 1
• 3 unknowns 3 equations: Mode 5, 2
• Quadratic equations: Mode 5, 3
• Cubic equations: Mode 5, 4
Descartes’ Rule of Sign for Algebraic
Equations
• It is a technique for determining an upper bound on the number of
positive or negative real roots of a polynomial.
• It is not a complete criterion because it does not provide the exact
number of positive or negative roots.
• The rule is applied by counting the number of sign changes in the
sequence formed by the polynomial’s coefficients.
Rules:
• No. of possible positive roots:
• f(+x) = equal to the number of sign differences (max possible positive)
or less than it by an even number (min possible positive)
• No. of possible negative roots:
• f(-x) = equal to the number of sign differences (max possible negative)
or less than it by an even number (min possible negative)
Algebra 2 (Binomial Expansion)
• In the expansion of (x+y)n:
The first term is xn
The last term is yn
The exponent of x decreases by 1
The exponent of y increases by 1
The sum of exponents of each terms is “n”
The number of terms is “n+1”
Location of middle term = (even only)
The coefficient of symmetrical terms are equal.
Basic Formula: For (x+y)n

• , SC

If the second term is constan k:

Age Problem
Time modifiers:
• (-) Past Age: was, were, ago, last, . . . (verb in past tense)
• (=) Present Age: is, are, am, now, being, . . . (verb in present tense)
• (+) Future Age: will, shall, be, further, hence, . . . (verb in future tense)
No. of years passed by = present age – past age
No. of years to come = future age – present age
Work Problem
• Case I. Total men time to complete work = sum of unit man time

• Case II. Sum of unit work = total of unit work

• With individual rate and together from beginning to end

• (+) if helping to finish the job
• (-) if not helping to finish the job
Work Problem
• Case III. Work (unit work) time of work done

• With individual rate and at some point of time someone will leave
• Tx – time where A and B work together
• Ty – time where A work alone
Mixture Problem
• Quantity Analysis:

• Qualitative Analysis:

• Where:
• A, B, and C are numbers of quantities by volume or weight
• x, y, and z are the fractional parts or percentage
Clock Problem
• Basis of Analysis: • Short cut:

• For every “x” travel by minute • For together:

hand: • For opposite:
• (new time should not exceed 12)
• For right angle:
• First time (-3), Second time (+3)
Motion Problem
• Assumption: Uniform Motion
• Velocity is constant

• Where v = velocity, d = distance/displacement, and t = time

Digit Problem
• Basis of Analysis:
• For 2 digit number:

• For 3 digit number: