Differential Calculus

Calculus
• Definition
• Term from Latin, which means “pebble” or “little stone”
• A branch of mathematics which deals with continuous changing
quantities.
• Father of Calculus
• Isaac Newton – called calculus as the “science of fluxious”. Flux mean
“constant changing of flowing”
• Gottfried Leibniz – is known of his differentiation symbol d/dx and ∫
Differential Calculus
• Differential – means change
• Derivative – rate of change of one variable with respect to the other.
• Derivative of “y” with respect to x

• Derivative of “x” with respect to y

The Derivative
• Given a continuous function y = f(x)

•
Basic Derivative
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Calcu Tech on First Derivative
• 1. SHIFT,Input Equation, Input Unique Number on x
• 2. Trial and Error the choices: Input Choices, CALC, x?, input the
Unique Number you used on STEP 1.
Calcu Tech on Second Derivative
• For A: 0.00000000001  store to A
• For B:  store to B
• For C:  store to C
Evaluation of Limits
• Indeterminate Forms • L’ Hospital’s Rule
• The limits remained the same
even if the numerator and
denominator are independently
differentiated.
Application of Derivatives
• Slope To determine which is the max
and min, solve the rate of
change of slope (y’’)
• Maxima & Minima
y” = positive, min
For Max and Min (y’ = 0)
y” = negative, max
For Point of Inflection (y” = 0)
Maximum and Minimum Values
Largest Area of Rectangle inside Maximum Area, Perimeter, and
a: Longest Diagonal of a Triangle
o Ellipse: A = 2ab
o Circle: A = 2r2
o Semicircle: A = r2
Minimum Amount of Wire Maximum Area of Triangle with
Given Perimeter (P)
Maximum and Minimum Values
Maximum Viewing Angle (θ)
Maximum Fence or Perimeter
(fully fenced) Given Area
Minimum Fence or Perimeter
(partially fenced) Given Area
Minimum Cost of Metal Sheet
for Cylinder Given Volume
Maximum Volume & Heaviest
Weight of Right Circular Cylinder
inside a Sphere
o;
Maximum Volume & Surface
Area of Cone inside a Sphere
Application of Derivatives
• Tangent and Normal Line

• Tangent 

• Normal 
Application of Derivatives
• Time Rates (increasing +, Rate of Change of distance with
decreasing -) respect to time, m/s
• Make an equation with the
unknown variable Rate of Change of Area, m2/s
• Differentiate with respect to
time
Rate of Change of Volume, m3/s
• Substitute the boundary
conditions
• Solve for the unknown
Application of Derivatives
• Uniformly Accelerated Motion • Resultant/Total Velocity
• x(t) = distance as a function of
time •;
• x’(t) = velocity • Resultant/Total Acceleration
• x”(t) = acceleration
• Velocity, v •;

• Acceleration
Application of Derivatives
• Error Problems • Relative Error in Volume
• Error in Volume
• Error = dV = Vnew – Vorig • Relative Error in Area
• Error in Area
• Error = dA • Relative Error in Radius
• Error in Radius
• Error = dr
Application of Derivatives
• Radius of Curvature, R
• It is the radius of circle at a point in the curvature.

• Curvature, K