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CLASS
 ILLUSTRATES POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
Illustrates Polynomial Equation
M10AL-li-1

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Solve Problems Involving

Polynomials and Polynomial
Equations
a. Illustrate and identify the following: M10AL-Ij-2

- Zeroes of Polynomial Function or the Roots

of a Polynomial Equation;
- Fundamental Theorem of Algebra;
- Number of Roots Theorem;
- Rational Roots Theorem.
b. Proves the Rational Root Theorem;
c. Solve for the roots of a polynomial equation.
Prepared by
Renan James A. Galang
SST III/ CMRICTHS
RECALL NUMBER 1

GIVEN: 2x – 5x3 + x2 -1
Answer the following
1. What is the degree of the polynomial?
answer: 3
2. What is the leading term?
answer: -5x3
3. What is the leading coefficient?
answer: -5
4. What is the constant term?
answer: -1
RECALL NUMBER 2

POLYNOMIALS OR NOT?

1. 2x-2
POLYNOMIALS

2. 3x – 4x2 + 5 NOT POLYNOMIALS

3. - 5
RECALL NUMBER 3
Find the roots of the equation:
(x-6)(x-5)(x+4) = 0.
SOLUTION:
Since factors are given in the equation,
Simply equate each factors to zero and solve for x

(a) x-6 = 0 CONCLUSION:

x=6 The roots of the equation
(x-6)(x-5)(X+4) = 0 are
(b) x-5 = 0 -4, 5 and 6
x=5
ANSWER:
(c ) x+4 = 0
-4, 5 and 6
x=-4
RECALL NUMBER 4

GIVEN: x3- 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0. Find the roots.

If the factors of the given polynomial equation
is (x-1)(x-2)(x-3)=0, what are its roots?

ANSWER:

The roots of the polynomial equation are

1, 2 and 3
ILLUSTRATING
POLYNOMIAL
EQUATION
THE ZEROES OF THE POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTION
Introduction:
Finding the polynomial function zeroes is not
quite so straightforward when the polynomial is
expanded and of a degree greater than two.
One method is to use synthetic division, with
which we can test possible polynomial function
zeros found with the rational roots theorem.
Once we find a zero we can partially factor the
polynomial and then find the polynomial
function zeros of a reduced polynomial.
THE ZEROES OF THE POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTION
According to Karl Friedrich Gauss of Germany(one of the
great mathematicians of all times.), in his “Fundamental
Theorem of Algebra” : every polynomial equation in one
variable has at least one root, real or imaginary. The
theorem guarantees the existence of the roots of any
polynomial equation in one variable. This theorem leads
to the discoveries of other theorems concerning roots of
any polynomials. The difficulty of finding the zeroes of a
polynomial function or the roots of a polynomial
equation increases when the polynomial function is not
expressed in factored form. In this case, we can use the
guess-and-check method.
Some Mathematicians who succeeded in
different forms of cubic equation were:
• Scipione del Fierro  (x3 + mx =n)
• Nicolo Tartaglia  (x3 + px2 =n)
• Girolamo Cardano  (x4 + px2 + qx + r = 0)
Ruffini->
search for formulas that could be used to
find the roots of equation of the fifth or
higher degree.
FUNDAMENTAL THEORFEM OF ALGEBRA

●Every polynomial equation in one

variable has at least one root, real or
imaginary.

● Other theorems concerning roots of

polynomial equation evolved from
the Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra.
NUMBER OF ROOTS THEOREM
• Every polynomial equation of a degree n
greater than or equal to 1 has exactly n roots.
Example:
3x31 + x21 - 2x11 + 7x = 0

How many roots does the given example has?

f(x) is of the 31st degree. Hence, f (x) has 31 roots.

NOTE: IN ALGEBRA,
If you are to find the ROOTS, you are actually
referring to the POLYNOMIAL EQUATION
Example: x⁴-x3-11x2+9x+18= 0

If you are to find the ZEROES, you are referring

to the POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION
Example: p(x) = x⁴-x3-11x2+9x+18

But both means refer to one definition only but

different concept
THE ZEROES OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTION
SOLVE:

1. Determine the degree and the zeroes

of the polynomial function:
p(x) = (x + 3) ( x- 4)2
THE ZEROES OF POLYNOMIAL
FUNCTION
SOLVE:
1. Determine the degree and the zeroes of the polynomial
function: p(x) = (x + 3) ( x- 4)2

SOLUTION:

p(x) is of the 3rd degree. It zeroes are – 3 and 4 as a double zero

Proof?
Equate each of the given factors to zero.
Expand also (x-4)2 = (x – 4) ( x – 4)
Given: p (x) = (x+3) ( x – 4) (x – 4)
x+3 = 0 x–4=0 x–4=0
= -3 =4 =4
 RATIONAL ROOTS THEOREM
• If a rational number in lowest terms is a root of
the polynomial equation:
anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a2x2 + a1x + a0 = 0

where an , an-1 , an-2 , …, a2 , a1 , a0 are all integers,

then L is a factor of a0 and F is a factor of an.

NOTE:
If the given polynomial equation is in its descending order,
therefore the L refers to the last term and the F refers to the
numerical coefficient of the first term
 RATIONAL ROOTS THEOREM
A corollary to this theorem states that:
“Any rational root of the polynomial equation
xn + an-1 xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a2x2 + a1x + a0 = 0

where an-1, an-2, … a2, a1, a0 are integers, is

an integer and is a factor of a0.”
 RATIONAL ROOTS THEOREM
On the contrary, can be applied in solving the possible roots of
our polynomial equation where you get the factors of the L and
the factors of the F and divide all the given factors by then
quotients obtained will be used as the possible roots of our
polynomial equation where we will be using the synthetic
division to obtained our roots when in its 3rd line in the
remainder if it becomes zero, therefore the used possible roots
is one of the roots of the given polynomial equation
RATIONAL ROOTS THEOREM
Solve the polynomial equation
x⁴-x3-11x2+9x+18= 0 using the Rational Roots Theorem

SOLUTION:
The polynomial is of the 4th degree; it has four roots.
The coefficient of the 4th degree term, x4 , is 1.
According to the corollary the roots are factors of
a0 = 18.
Factors of (L)18: +1, +2, +3, + 6, + 9, + 18
Factors of (F) : 1
 RATIONAL ROOTS THEOREM
Solve the polynomial equation
x⁴-x3-11x2+9x+18= 0 using the Rational Roots Theorem

SOLUTION:
Factors of (L):
Factors of (F) : 1
Possible Rational Roots : ,
 RATIONAL ROOTS THEOREM
Solve the polynomial equation
x⁴-x3-11x2+9x+18= 0 using the Rational Roots Theorem

SOLUTION:
Use the possible rational roots of our given equation to
solve for the roots. Apply the Synthetic Division in the
solution that we will be making
Possible Rational Roots
 Solve the polynomial equation
a) If x = 1 x⁴-x3-11x2+9x+18 = 0

1 -1 -11 9 18 1
1 0 -11 -2

1 0 -11 -2 16
remainder

Thus, x = 1 is not a root of p(x) because the

remainder is not zero.
 Solve the polynomial equation
x⁴-x3-11x2+9x+18 = 0

b) If x = -1

1 -1 -11 9 18 -1
-1 2 9 -18

1 -2 -9 18 0
remainder

Since the remainder is zero, thus, is one of

the roots , and x3 – 2x2 -9x + 18 = 0 is the 1st Depressed
Equation.
 Solve the polynomial equation
c) If x = 2 x⁴-x3-11x2+9x+18 = 0
Used the 1st Depressed Equation x3 – 2x2 -9x + 18 = 0 in the next
TRIAL to find the other roots of our original equation

1 -2 -9 18 2
2 0 -18

1 0 -9 0
remainder
Thus, is another root since the
remainder is equal to zero, and x2 – 9 = 0 is
the 2nd Depressed Equation.
 Solve the polynomial equation
x⁴-x3-11x2+9x+18 = 0
Thus, is another root , and x2 – 9 = 0 is the 2nd Depressed
Equation

Solving the 2nd Depressed Equation which is a quadratic

equation to find the two more zeroes of the original
function:
x2 – 9 = 0
(x + 3) (x - 3) = 0
x+3 = 0 x-3 = 0

Therefore, the roots of

x⁴-x3-11x2+9x+18 = 0 are -1, 2, -3, and 3.
 SOLVE PROBLEMS
INVOLVING
POLYNOMIALS AND
POLYNOMIAL
EQUATIONS
 TRIVIA
Which of the two is a correct statement? Justify your answer?

SQUARES ARE RECTANGLE

RECTANGLES ARE SQUARE.

answer:
Rectangles are square
because a square has 2 pairs of congruent side and so as the rectangle

Squares are rectangle is a false statement because a rectangle does not have
4 equal sides unlike the square.
 EXAMPLE # 1: Geometry Worded Problem

The length of a rectangle swimming pool is 2 yards more than 2 times

the width. The area of the pool is 144 square yards. Find the
dimensions of the pool.

Step 1: DRAW AN ILLUSTRATION TO REPRESENT THE GIVEN AND THE UNKNOWN

length = 2x + 2

width = x

Representation:
Let x = be the width
2x + 2 = be the length
 continuation: EXAMPLE # 1

The length of a rectangle swimming pool is 2 yards more than 2 times

the width. The area of the pool is 144 square yards. Find the
dimensions of the pool.
Step 1: Representation
Let x = be the width; 2x + 2 = be the length
Step 2: Make the equation
The area of a square is A = 144
Since A = length x width
Then 144 = length x width
Since length= 2x + 2
And width = x
Then 144 = (2x + 2)(x)
 continuation: EXAMPLE # 1

The length of a rectangle swimming pool is 2 yards more than 2 times

the width. The area of the pool is 144 square yards. Find the
dimensions of the pool.
Step 1: Representation
Let x = be the width; 2x + 2 = be the length
Step 2: Make the equation
144 = (2x + 2)(x)
2 0 Step 3: Conclusion
Step 3: Solve for x
Since width = x
144 = (2x + 2)(x)
x+9=0 and x = -9
144 = 2x + 2x
2
x = -9 Then we cannot use
0 = 2x2 + 2x – 144
value because it is
Factor: 2x2 + 2x – 144
x–8=0 Negative, but instead
2 (x + x – 72)
2
x =8 Use x = 8
2 ( x + 9) (x – 8)
Equate each factor to zero
 continuation: EXAMPLE # 1

The length of a rectangle swimming pool is 2 yards more than 2 times

the width. The area of the pool is 144 square yards. Find the
dimensions of the pool.
Step 1: Representation
Let x = be the width; 2x + 2 = be the length
Step 2: Make the equation
144 = (2x + 2)(x)
Step 3: Solve for x Step 4: Conclusion Step 5: Checking
x+9=0 Since width = x If x = 8 and equation
x = -9 and x = 8, then Is 144 = (2x+2)(x)

x–8=0 Length = 2x + 2 Then 144 = [2(8) +2] [8]

x =8 Length = 2(8) + 2 144 = (18)(8)
Length = 18
✓
Width = x 144 144
Width = 8
FOR OTHER EXAMPLES ON WORDED PROBLEM
PLEASE SEE LAS QUARTER 1 WEEK 8: SOLVE PROBLEMS
INVOLVING POLYNOMIALS AND POLYNOMIAL EQUATION
TRY THESE # 1:
A. Find the roots of the following polynomial
equations
ANSWERS:
1.( x+3) ( x-4) ( x + 1) = 0 1. -3, 4 and -1
2.(x-1)2 (x+3)3 = 0 2. 1, 1, -3, -3 and -3
3.x( x-9) = 0 3. 0 and 9
4.x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 4. -5 and -2
ANSWERS TO THE ACTIVITY:
TRY THESE # 2:
B. Solve the given problem.
+ =
The sum of the square of a number and 15 is the same
as eight times the number. Find the numbers.

ANSWERS:
Equation: x2 + 15 = 8x
Hint: “and” means plus
“is” means equals
Make an equation out of the given
problem And solve for x using factoring
REPRESENTATION: Let x be the number
REFERENCES:

• Callanta, Melvin et al. Mathematics-Grade 10: Learner’s

Module,First edition.Quezon City: Department of Education
and Rex Printing Company, Inc.2015
• Esparrago, Mirla and Reyes Jr, Nestor. Next Century
Mathematics: Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and
Statistics,2nd Edition.Revised by Fernando Orines. Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
.

Prepared by:
Renan James A. Galang
SST-III Mathematics/ CMRICTHS