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GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM (GPS)
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INTRO
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BENDIX/ KING KLN 94 GPS

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SCOPE
 GPS and its wk principal
 GPS Accuracy
 Sources of GPS Sig Errors
 KLN 94 System
 KLN 94 Database Contents and Coverage Areas
 Types of waypts
 Selecting waypoints
 Creating Waypt at present posn (while flg over / after ldg)
 Creating Waypt at certain lat/ long (from map / google earth / served data)
 Creating Waypt ref from another waypt (already aval in GPS database)
 Rules for creating a Flt Plan
 Creating a Flt plan
 Activating a No Flt plan
 Adding a new way pt to a Flt plan
 Delete a way pt from a Flt plan
 Delete a Flt plan
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GPS and Its Wk Principle

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GPS And Its Wk Principle

What is Global Posn Sys?

 Satellite-based radio nav sys
 Consists of 24 op satellites
 Provides spl coded satellite sig that can be processed
in a GPS receiver, enabling the receiver to compute
posn, velocity and time
 Min four GPS satellite sig are used to compute posn
in three dimensions and the time offset in the receiver
clock
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GPS And Its Wk Principle

The GPS constellation

• Min 3 satellites reqr for a 2D posn

• 4 or more satellites reqr for a 3D posn
• Can calculate speed, bearing track, trip dist,
destination dist, time etc
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GPS And Its Wk Principle

Satellites
 Each GPS satellite orbits the Earth twice a day
 Each satellite transmits sig to Earth
 GPS receivers measure the time between when
satellites sent a signal relative to the GPS receiver
receiving the sig
 Tells how far away the satellite is
 Sig from several satellites will give accurate results
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GPS And Its Wk Principle

Few Relevant Facts

The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978


A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994


Each satellite is built to last about 10 yrs. Replacements are
constantly being built and launched into orbit


A GPS satellite wt approx 2,000 lbs and is about 17 ft across
with the solar panels extended


Transmitter power is only 50 watts or less
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GPS Accuracy
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GPS Accuracy

 < 1m to ~15m depending on technology- WAAS

 Wide area augmentation system
 Consists of 25 grd ref sta posn across the US that monitor
GPS satellite data
 Gives accuracy to within 5 ft
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Sources of GPS Sig

Errors
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Sources Of GPS Sig Errors


Ionosphere and troposphere delays

Sig multipath

Receiver errors

Orbital errors

No of satellites visible

Satellite geometry/ shading

Selective Aval
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KLN 94 System
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KLN 94
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KLN 94 Database Contents and

Coverage Areas
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KLN 94
Database Contents And Coverage Areas
KLN 94 Con HIC-4

Menu button
Data card
Range button
Data loader jack
Procedure button Cursor button

Right inner knob

On/Off Right outer knob
Message button Enter button
OBS button Clear button
Altitude button Direct To button
Nearest button
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PAGES
APT 1-8 Airport
VOR 1-2 VOR
NDB 1 NDB
INT 1-2 Intersections
USR 0-3 User Waypoint
ACT Active Waypoints
NAV 1-4 Navigation
FPL 0-25 Flight plan
SET 1-14 Setup
AUX 1-14 Auxiliary
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PAGES
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Types Of Waypts

• Airports (aval in APT page)

• VORs (aval in VOR page)
• NDBs (aval in NDB page)
• Intersections (aval in INT page)
• User Waypts (saved in USR page)
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Selecting And Scanning Waypts

• 3 Methods to select a specific waypt for viewing:

• Entering waypt's identifier

• Scanning through waypt identifiers in
alphabetical order
• Entering the waypt's name
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Selecting A Waypt By Identifier

• Use rt outer and inner knob to select

the desired page.
(For example APT 1 page)
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Selecting A Waypt By Identifier

• Turn on CRSR. Cursor appears on

first characters of identifier

• Turn inner knob right or left to

select desired first character

• With outer knob go to subsequent

characters and with inner knob
select desired characters .
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Selecting A Waypt By Scanning (Cursor Off)

• Select the page type for the waypt

• Pull inner knob to out posn. 'Scan'
annunciator appears
• Turn inner knob clockwise to scan
through waypts in alphabetical order
.

1 of 1
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Selecting A Waypt By Scanning (Cursor On)

• Select appropriate page

• Turn on cursor
• Select known characters (K,L)
• Pull the inner knob, cursor will be
over last two characters

• Use inner knob to scan database

whose ident begins with KL .
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Creating Waypt At Present Posn

• Select NAV 2 page (present

position)
• Press ENT
• USR## auto selected
• Press ENT if the name is chosen

• Else, input desired name with inner

and outer knob
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Creating Waypt At Present Posn

• Spell rest of the characters of

chosen name with inner and outer
knob
• Press ENT when completed
• Cursor is auto turned off .
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Creating Waypt At Present Posn

Another way:
• Select USR page
• Turn on CRSR
• Insert desired name of place
• Come to fourth line with outer knob
• Press ENTR when flg over the place
.
Creating Waypt At Certain Lat/Long HIC-4

• At USR waypt page, turn on CRSR

• Select alphabets of place name with

inner and outer knob

• Highlt 2nd line with outer knob and

press ENT
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Creating Waypt At Certain Lat/Long
• Display changes like the one shown
beside

• With inner knob select N or S

• Use outer knob to mov cursor and

inner knob to select proper no
• Press ENTR, cursor will go to
longitude field, then insert data as
above
• Press ENTR when completed .
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Creating Waypt Ref From Another Waypt

• From USR page, turn on CRSR

• With inner and outer knob name
the new posn

• With outer knob, go to third line

and press ENT
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Creating Waypt Ref From Another Waypt

• Disp looks like the one beside

• With inner and outer knob name

the ref waypt

• Press ENT and relevant data

regarding ref waypt will be
shown for confirmation. Press
ENT
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Creating Waypt Ref From Another Waypt

• Disp looks like the one beside

• With inner and outer knob insert
radial from ref waypt and press
ENT. Cursor goes to Dist
• With inner and outer knob insert
dist from ref waypt and press
ENT .
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Creating A Flt Plan

Rules and Considerations

 25 flt plans plus an active flt plan (FPL 0)
 Flt plans may contain up to 20 waypts
 Flt plans are numbered 0 through 25 (FPL 0, FPL 1, FPL
2, . . . , FPL 25)
 Active flt plan is always FPL 0
 Modifications may be made to FPL 0 without affecting the
way it is stored as a numbered flt plan
 The active flt plan (FPL 0) must contain at least two waypts
 The first waypt in the flt plan should always be the dep
airport
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Creating A Flt Plan

• Select FPL page with outer knob

• With inner knob select a blank flt
plan
• Turn on cursor
• With inner knob select first
character

• With outer knob go rt to insert

subsequent characters
• Complete the name of first waypt
and press ENT
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Creating A Flt Plan

• A waypt page for the identifier just

entered is disp
• Press ENT confirming it is the
desired waypt
• Mov cursor to 2nd posn
• Insert subsequent waypts

• When finished inserting waypts,

turn off cursor with CRSR button
• Highlt 'Use?' with outer knob and
press ENT to use it .
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Activating A No Flt Plan

• From FPL page select desired flt

plan with inner knob

• Press CRSR to turn on cursor which

appears over 'Use?'

• Press ENT to activate it .

1 of 1
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Adding A New Waypt To A Flt Plan

• Turn on cursor with CRSR button

• Bring cursor on the waypt before which
a new waypt is to be inserted

• With inner knob enter the first character

of new waypt
• Previous waypt on this posn auto jumps
to the next posn

2 of 2
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Adding A New Waypt To A Flt Plan

• Complete the waypt entry

• Press ENT

• Relevant info on the newly inserted

waypt is shown for reconfirmation
• Press ENT again to approve the new
waypt

• Press CRSR to turn off the cursor .

2 of 2
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Deleting A Waypt From A Flt Plan

• Press CRSR to activate cursor

• With inner knob mov cursor on the
waypt to be deleted

• Press CLR
• 'Del ......?' appears beside the waypt
identifier

• Press ENT to delete the waypt. Press

CLR if a mistake was made and
deletion is not desired .
2 of 2
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Deleting A Flt Plan

• Disp the flt plan

• Make sure the cursor is off

• Press CLR
• 'Delete FPL?' appears at the top of the
page

• Press ENT to delete the flt plan. Press

CLR if a mistake was made and
deletion is not desired .
1 of 1
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Storing FPL 0 As A No Flt Plan

• Select a blank flt plan page

• Turn on cursor by pressing CRSR

• Rotate outer knob counter clockwise to

come up and highlt 'Copy FPL 0?'

• Press ENT to load FPL 0 to this new flt

plan page .

1 of 1
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Direct To Op From FPL 0 Page

• If D is pressed when in FPL 0 page,

the next waypt will appear in dir to
page
• If D is pressed when in FPL 0 page,
the waypt with cursor on will appear in
dir to page
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QUERY
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THANK YOU