Skeletal Functions

Safee-Ullah.Babar
 https://www.jagranjosh.com/
general-knowledge/human-
skeletal-system-
Protection and Support structurefunctionsdiseases-
1479464468-1
The skeleton is the building block for the the human
body as the skeleton supports many different tissues
and organs.There are two components to the skeleton
system such as axial skeleton which has the function to
protect organs located in the torso or skull. The second
component is known as appendicular skeleton which
supports most tissues and makes it possible to move.
Some parts of the appendicular skeleton are the feet
hands and arms. There are also other components
which protect organs like the skull which protects the
brain and the thorax which consists of Sternum, spine
and ribs which protect the heart, lungs and other
organs.
 Attachment for skeletal muscle
Skeleton muscles are one of the three major muscles
present in human body other than the cardiac muscle
and smooth muscle.There are only two ways a muscle
is attached to the skeletal function. The first method
consists of the muscle being attached to the skeleton
through strong and springy tendons. The second
method must ensure that the muscle is directly https://blogs.ncl.ac.uk/
katarzynapirog/skeletal-muscle-
connected to the skeleton through rough patching of the structure-and-function/
bones. Through this methods you can use the muscles
in form of movement or physical activities as the
muscles are contracted through the skeleton when they
are being used. Overuse of these muscles can inhibit
some movements depending on the damage done to
 Storing of minerals
The bones in the human body reserve the minerals
within them. This includes minerals like magnesium,
calcium and phosphorous. 99% of body calcium is
stored within the bones, alongside 85% of the body's
phosphorus also stored inside the bones. The minerals
Milk helps densen the bones!
stored inside are released in time of essential need as
too much and too less of calcium can cause dysfunction https://www.oshonews.com/
2016/02/06/a-glass-of-milk/
within the muscles and nerve cells. Therefor in time of
need the calcium is released into the bloodstream and
controlled thoroughly by hormone called parathyroid
which regulates calcium levels within the body.
 Production of Blood cells.
The production of blood cells is only possible through
the bone marrow. The bone marrow has unspecialized
cells called stem cells which can turn into one out of the
three types of cells. These cells are known as red blood
cell (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) or
platelets. All of this cells have important purpose. The
erythrocytes contains a protein called hemoglobin which http://
www.differencebetween.info/
carries oxygen throughout the body. Erythrocytes also difference-between-blood-and-
remove carbon dioxide from the body. Leukocytes are platelets
produced to protect the immune system from pathogens
and other bacterias. Platelets have the function to block
the passageway after an injury which has pierced
through the skin. They do this by stacking over each
Synovial Joints
Synovial Joints are freely moveable joints which are connected by ligaments and
tendons.The synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid which helps lubricate the
joints. This reduces the friction between the joints. The synovial joints are six
different types of synovial joints.These include:

● Pivot joint is a joint which rotates.

● Gliding joints is a joint which flat bones move back and forwards.
● Hinge joints are joints where the bones can move in one axis only.
● Condyloid joints are joints only allow single axis rotation.
● Ball and socket joints allow any type of movements.
● Saddle joints connects two bones but allows movement in any direction.
 Examples of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint Hinge joint

Gliding joint Condyloid joint

Ball and Socket

joint
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-hinge-joint-and-a-pivot-join
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gliding%2Bjoint
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-a-hinge-joint-and-a-pivot-joint
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/468233692490424391/
https://www.topperlearning.com/doubts-solutions/draw-a-neat-diagram-of-ball-and-socket-joint-jgv662wjj/
https://
www.arthritis-
health.com/
types/joint-
anatomy/what-
synovial-joint

https://www.pinterest.co.uk/
pin/325103666825393308/
 Flexion/Extension
Flexion is an type of movement which involves the movements of the bone and
extension is a type of movement which allows the muscle to extend. This happens
in different parts of body such as hands and feet. Extension is the type of
movement which involves moving bones away from each other.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figure-34-Flexion-Extension-Motion-of-a-Elbow-Joint-and-b-Wrist-joint_fig14_303838652
 Abduction/Adduction
Abduction is when you move a bones away from the body. This happens in many
places, such as your arm. When you extend your arm away from your body that
movement is called abduction. This is done by your arms when you try to reach
something. Other places where adduction takes place are your legs.

https://www.machinedesign.com/medical/what-s-difference-between-abduction-and-adduction-biomechanics
 Rotation
Rotation is when a bone rotates, this can happen in many different parts of your
body but the most obvious is the head. Other parts of the body can be your wrist
and your feet. It also happens at supination and pronation. It important to note that
the bones move not the muscles. Pronation is movement where you turn your
hand and your palm facing downwards. Supination is a movement where your
turn your hand and the palm is facing upwards.

https://healthjade.com/pronation-and-supination/
Circumduction
Circumduction involves in all of these movements. Circumduction only happens in
the ball and socket joint. This allows for circular movement in the ball and socket
joint. This includes flexion, extension, abduction and even adduction.

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/circumduction
 Muscle Structure and Contractions
Our body is very complicated and contains a lot of muscles. Muscles come
different sizes and shapes but they all have the same structure. Some muscle
which are important are the muscle located in your arms and the carves which
allow movement on your lower body.

http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/structure_skeletal_muscle.php
Reference Umair work:
 Epimysium
Epimysium is a layer which covers the muscles. The epimysium make sure that
there is no friction between the muscle fibres, therefore it acts as a protection over
the muscle bundles. These epimysium can be very long to ensure that they cover
every type of muscle. An example of this is be the muscles in your arm. They are
not as long as other muscle in your body, so they require less epimysium.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimysium
 Endomysium
Endomysium is wispy layer of areolar connective tissues which covers all of the
myocyte. The endomysium also contains a lot of nerves and capillaries. Each
muscle fibre contains myofibrils which is made out of myosin and actin which both
are proteins.

https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/51090/what-is-the-difference-between-endomysium-and-sarcolemma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomysium
 Sliding Filament Theory
The sliding filament theory suggest that simple movement which occurs can be
very complicated. To break this down we have to look into how a muscle contacts.
This is done by the two proteins myosin and and actin. The myosin have
something called myosin heads. This heads attach onto the actin which is on the
which is on the outside. Then when the myosin has the electrical impulse the
myosin head drag the actin along towards the center.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_filament_theory
 Tendons
Tendons attach muscle to the bone using fibers. An example of this is in your arm.
The muscle in your arm is attached to your bone through a tendon which patches
the muscle onto the bone using stretchable tissues. These tendons can be found
all around your body from your arms to your legs.

https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/biceps-tendon-tear-at-the-shoulder/
 Ligaments
Ligaments bind bone to bone. This means that between one bone and another
bone, the connection that binds them together is called an ligaments. This can be
located everywhere from your ball and socket joint or even the bones in your
fingers which are also connected by ligaments.

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19089.htm
 Bone composition
Bone composition tells us more about the structure of the bone and how it formed
over many different layers. This is important to understand because it allows us to
recognise the damage in the bones and shows us what area need to be worked
on.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/4556410/
 Different components that make up a bone
Bone Tissue- dense connective tissue

Cartilage- flexible connective tissue

Dense connective tissue- Connects organs and tissues to each other

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone
https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/classification.html
 Structure of the bones
The bones in the body are structured in two different ways:

● Compact bone- is the dense or strong section of the bone. This is where
bone matrix is solid. The bone matrix in simple words means the structure of
the bone. This includes inorganic salts.
● Spongy bone- is made out of spicules of the bone. In the spongy bone you
will see a lot of holes. These holes are known as pores and this is where the
red bone marrow. Red bone marrow is where red blood cells, white cells and
platelets.

http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/kennym/Ch7.pdf
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/bone_marrow.htm
http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/bone_marrow.php
 Flat bones
Flat bones are made to protect organs such as your brain, heart. Flat bones have
outer layer which is surrounded blood vessels and nerves which support the flat
bones by giving the flat bone the necessary nutrients and minerals.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_bone
https://www.lifepersona.com/what-and-what-are-flat-bones-function-and-types
 Long bones
Long bones are dense bones which provide strength, structure and movements
within the human body. An example of long bone can be located around your
thighs. This bone is called fumer.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_bone
 Short Bones
Short bones are same in dimensions; length and width. The function of short
bones are to give stability to the body and to support movements in many location.
An example of this would be your wrist. Your wrist is made out of many different
types of short bones. The three types of short bones are:

● Taurus bones: found in your foot

● Patella bones: found in your knees
● Carpus bones: found in your wrist

https://socratic.org/questions/how-many-short-bones-are-in-the-body
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_bone
 Irregular Bones
The role of irregular bones in our body is to protect and cover the nervous tissues.
An example of this would be the vertebrae, which has the function of protecting
the spinal cord.Irregular bones are made out of cancellous tissues.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_bone
https://teachmeanatomy.info/back/bones/vertebral-column/
 Joints
Joints are a section of the human body where movement occurs. In other words
joints are where bones make contact with each other. Joints can be found all
around your body from your spine, to your knees.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint
https://www.healthpages.org/anatomy-function/musculoskeletal-system-bones-joints-cartilage-ligaments/
 Fibrous Joints
Fibrous joints are held together by fibrous connective tissues. This means the
fibrous joints have little to no movements. These joints have no joint cavity. There
are three types of fibrous joints:

● Sutures- only found in the skull. Only allows a bit of movement.

● Syndesmosis- Slightly moveable. Found in the ankle.
● Gomphosis- Bounds the teeth to the bony sockets.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/fibrous-joints/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_joint
 Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage, which suggest the name.
Cartilaginous joints allow more movements than fibrous joints.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint