MODULE 1:

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

LESSON 1: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

 History of ICT
Information
• Information is facts provided or learned about something or
someone.
• Information is knowledge acquired from another.
• Information is knowledge you can convey to others.
• Knowledge gained through study, communication, research,
instruction.
Methods for transfer of information
• Image
• Text
• Sound
• Video
LESSON 1: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Technology
• From Greek word “technologies” in other form “techne” means art, skill, or craft
“logia” means study generally, technology makes better.
• Technology is applications of scientific knowledge to solve problem or perform a
specific function.
Examples
• The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic tools.
• Invention of the wheel helped humans to travel.
Information Technology
• Use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data or information.
• Information technology involving the development, maintenance, and use of
computer systems, software, and networks for the processing and distribution of data.
USES OF ICT IN OUR DAILY LIVES
 Communication

Nowadays people are in touch with the help of ICT. Through chatting, E-mail, voice mail and social networking
people communicate with each other. It is the cheapest means of communication.
 Job Opportunities

In the employment sector, ICT enables organizations to operate more efficiently, so employing staff with ICT
skills is vital to the smooth running of any business. Being able to use ICT systems effectively allows employees more
time to concentrate on areas of their job role that require soft skills.
 Education

Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.(6)
In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching learning interaction, through such approaches as
replacing chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for
learning during class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures at home on the computer
and use classroom time for more interactive exercises.
 Socializing

Social media has changed the world. The rapid and vast adoption of these technologies is changing how we
find partners, how we access information from the news, and how we organize to demand political change .
IMPACT OF ICT IN THE SOCIETY
 Positive impacts of Information and Communication Technology

• Access to information
• Improved access to education, e.g. distance learning and online tutorials.
• New tools, new opportunities
• Communication
• Information management
• Security
• ICT allows people to participate in a wider, even worldwide, society.
• Distance learning: students can access teaching materials from all over the
world.
• ICT facilitates the ability to perform ‘impossible’ experiments’ by using
simulations.
IMPACT OF ICT IN THE SOCIETY
 Negative impacts of Information and Communication Technology

• Job loss
• Reduced personal interaction
• Reduced physical activity
• Cost
• Competition
MODULE 2:
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
 DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
 Computer is a programmable machine.
 Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and
process data.
 Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program).
 Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.

 Three principal characteristics of computer:

• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.

• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
APPLICATIONS OF ICT (COMPUTERS) IN OUR DAILY
LIVES
1. Business 13. Navigation
2. Education 14. Working From Home
3. Healthcare 15. Military
4. Retail and Trade 16. Social and Romance
5. Government 17. Booking Vacations
6. Marketing 18. Security and Surveillance
7. Science 19. Weather Forecasting
8. Publishing 20. Robotics
9. Arts and Entertainment
10. Communication
11. Banking and Finance
12. Transport
 HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out
calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th
century.
a) Tally sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even
messages.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
b) Abacus
An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in
around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
c) Napier’s Bones
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods
around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
d) Slide Rule
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms –
Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

e) Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

f) Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide
automatically.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

g) Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-
Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
h) Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
i) Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial
functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

j. First Computer Programmer

• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the
binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

k. Scheutzian Calculation Engine

• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

l. Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
m. Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
n. Z1 • The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape
reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
o. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at
Iowa
State University between 1939 and 1942.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
p. ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
q. UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial
computer.
• Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS
r. EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

s. The First Portable Computer

• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

t. The First Computer Company

• The first computer company was the Electronic
Controls Company.
• Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS - AGES
 a. Premechanical Age
1. Writing and Alphabets-communication.
• Petroglyph - First humans communicated only through speaking and picture drawings.

• The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the
letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS - AGES
 a. Premechanical Age
• 3000 B.C., the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (what is today
southern Iraq) devised cuniform.

2. Paper and Pens--input technologies.

• Sumerians' input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks in wet clay.
• About 2600 B.C., the Egyptians write on the papyrus plant.
• Around 100 A.D., the Chinese made paper from rags, on which modern-day papermaking is based.

3. Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices.

• Religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest "books"
• The Egyptians kept scrolls.
• Around 600 B.C., the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS - AGES
 a. Premechanical Age
4. The First Numbering Systems.
• Egyptian System:
o The numbers 1-9 as vertical lines, the number 10 as a U or circle, the number 100 as a coiled rope, and the
number 1,000 as a lotus blossom.
• The first numbering systems like those in use today were invented between 100 and 200 A.D. by Hindus in
India who created a nine-digit numbering system.
• Around 875 A.D., the concept of zero was developed.

5. The First Calculators: The Abacus.

• One of the very first information processors.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS - AGES
 b. Mechanical Age (1450-1840)

1. The First Information Explosion.

• Johann Gutenberg – Invented the movable metal-type printing
process in 1450.
• The development of book indexes and the widespread use of page
numbers.
2. Calculating Machine
• Wilhelm Schickard invented the first mechanical calculator in 1623
that can work with six digits and can carries digits across columns.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS - AGES
 b. Mechanical Age (1450-1840)
3. Pascaline
• The Pascaline. Invented by Blaise Pascal (1642) (made of clock gears and levers)
that could solve mathematical
problems like addition and subtraction.
4. Babbage's Engines
• Charles Babbage – invented the difference engine (1821) and analytical engine
(1832). Father of modern computer.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS - AGES
 c. ElectroMechanical Age (1840-1940)

1. Morse Code: 1835

• Samuel Morse – conceived of his version of an Electromagnetic
Telegraph (Dots and Dashes)

2. Telephone and Radio: 1876

• Alexander Graham Bell – developed the first working telephone.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS - AGES
 c. ElectroMechanical Age (1840-1940)

3. Comptograph: 1885
• Dorr Felt – invented first adding and subtracting
calculator.
• Comptograph containing a built-in printer.

4. Punch Card: 1890

• Piece of stiff paper that contains digital information
represented by the presence or absence of holes in
predefined positions.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS - AGES
 d. Electronic Age (1941 to present)
1. Z3: 1941
• Konrad Zuse – Built the first programmable computer called Z3.
2. Mark I: 1942
• John von Neumann – Build the first stored program computer.
• 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts, 500 miles of wires.
BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS - AGES
 d. Electronic Age (1941 to present)

3. ABC Computer: 1942

• John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry.
• Completed the first all-electronic computer called ABC or Atanasoff-
Berry Computer.
• Foundation for advances in electronic digital computers.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER

There are five generations of computer:

• First generation – 1946 to 1958
• Second generation – 1959 to 1964
• Third generation – 1965 to 1970
• Fourth generation – 1971 to Today
• Fifth generation – Today to future
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER

a. The First Generation

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and
were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.
b. The Second Generation
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers to
become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated
a great deal of heat that can damage the computer.
Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300series, IBM
7030
Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER

c. The Third Generation

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors,
which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out
instructions in billionths of a second. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation
computers.
d. The Fourth Generation
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated
circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful,
they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of
the Internet.
Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld
devices.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER: GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTER

e. The Fifth Generation

Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of

parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to
natural language input and are capable of learning and self organization.
There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being
used
today.
THANK YOU