Dynamics

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 Quantities
• Mass: The mass of a body may be defined as
the quantity of matter in the body.
The S.I. unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
• Weight : The weight (W) of a body is the force
by which the body is gravitationally attracted to
the earth is the product of the mass of the body
and the acceleration of free fall (g).
The SI Unit of Weight is the (kg*m/ or Newton )
W = mg.
 Quantities
• Force : Force is the agency that tends to
change the momentum of a body, defined as
being proportional to the rate of increase of
momentum . SI unit is Newton
 Laws of Motion
• Newton Second law of motion:
• The rate of change of momentum of a
body is proportional to the resultant force
and acts in the direction
F=ma.
 Laws of Motion
• Newton’s First law of motion :
A body remains in a state of rest or
uniform motion (i.e. no acceleration) in a
straight line unless acted upon by an
external force.
 Law of Motion
• Newton third law of motion
• When one body exerts a force on another
body, the second body exerts an equal
force in the opposite direction on the first
body.
 Resolving force
• Any force F can be resolved into two
perpendicular components F sin 
• and F cos  acting in the direction

 Resolving force
• Components of force acting in a inclined
plane.
 Impulse
• A force F that acts on a body during a time
t provides the body with an impulse of
Impulse=Ft
Impluse= force x time interval
Impulse = momentum change
 Linear Momentum
• The momentum () of a body of mass m
and velocity v is the product of its mass
and its velocity.
Momentum   mv
 Conservation of linear
Momentum
• The total momentum in any given direction
before impact is equal to the total
momentum in that direction after impact .
 Work
• Work is the measure of the amount of
change that a force produces when it acts
on a body. The change may be in the
velocity of the body, in its position, size or
shape.
Work =Force* Displacement
W=F*s
Work
 Power
• Power is the rate at which work is done by
a force.
Power = Work
Time
• Power can also be written in terms of force
and velocity.
• The S.I. unit of power is the Watt (W) and
equals the rate of working of 1 Joule per
second
 Energy
• Energy is the quantitative property that
must be transferred to an object in order
to perform work.
• Energy is a conserved quantity: the law of
conservation of states that energy can be
converted in form, but not created or
destroyed.
• SI Unit Joule=kg m2 s−2
 Potential energy
• The energy a body has by virtue of its
position is called potential energy
• The S.I unit is Joule
• Gravitational Potential Energy
PE=mgh
 Kinetic energy
• The energy a body has by virtue of its
motion is called kinetic energy.
 Circular Motion
• In circular motion the acceleration of a
body is given as

• Centripetal force is defined as the force

required to keep a body moving in a
circular path and direct towards the centre
of a circle.
Centripetal & Centrifugal force
Centrifugal force is equal in magnitude
and opposite in direction to the centripetal
force.
 Simple Harmonic Motion
• Simple harmonic motion is periodic motion
that occurs when the restoring force on a
body displaced from an equilibrium
position is proportional to the displacement
and in the opposite direction.
 Restoring force
• The net force on a mass that always tends
to restore the mass to its equilibrium
position .
• The restoring force in SHM is defined by
Hooke’s law F=-Kx
 Period & Frequency
• The period T of a body undergoing simple
harmonic motion is the time needed for the
body to complete one cycle.

• The frequency of a body under going

simple harmonic motion is the number of
cycles per second it executes.
 Vibration Theory
• Two types of vibration
• Free Vibration : Occurs when total energy
of a vibrating system stays Constant.
 Vibration Theory
• Forced Vibration: When a periodic force is
applied to an oscillating system its
response depends on the frequency of the
periodic force.
• Natural Frequency: When a system
oscillates without any force applied, its
frequency is called its natural frequency.
 Vibration
• Resonance :
When the frequency of the
external force is equal to the natural
frequency of the system , this condition is
called Resonance .Oscillation of a body
with maximum amplitude
 Vibration Theory
• Damping :Resistance to the motion of a
vibrating system.
 Gyroscopes
• A gyroscope is a spinning wheels (or rotor) mounted in a
special frame (Gimbals) so that its axis is unrestrained in one
or more planes .Its properties are useful in indicating direction
and attitude.
• Two Fundamental properties of gyroscopic Action
 Rigidity in Space
 Precession
 Gyroscopes
• Rigidity in space :
It refers to the principle that the gyroscope
remains in a fixed position in the plane
when it is spinning.
 Rigidity depends on 3 factors
• Mass of the rotor
• Distribution of body’s mass
• Angular velocity
 Gyroscope
• Precession :
Tilting or turning of a gyro in response to a
deflective force. The reaction to this force does
not occur at the point which it was applied.
Rather it occurs at a point that is 90° later in the
direction of rotation.