mRNA Vaccine in COVID-19 : A New Hope
Aparna Rane
Henry Harvin Education Internship
Abstract
• Coronavirus disease 2019( COVID-19) is caused by
Severe Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2).
• Since 2020, various vaccines have come up to
prevent this disease and mRNA vaccines are one of
them. These mRNA vaccines are used for first time in
the history of mankind to prevent any disease.
• The immune response elicited by the vaccine, safety
and efficacy is studied in this research with respect to
animal model and human clinical trials.
Introduction
• In December 2019, first case of Coronavirus disease
2019( COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) was detected in
Wuhan, China.
• With many vaccines in the race, 13 are approved for
emergency use, more than 61 are in clinical trial phase
and 172 are in pre-clinical trial.
• mRNA vaccines are the new generation vaccine will be
used in order to study safety and efficacy.
• Moderna vaccine is mRNA-1273 and Pfizer vaccine is
BNT162b2 used in this study.
Methodology
The construction of mRNA vaccines has three major steps:
1. Modification to mRNA.
2. Antigen selection
3. Delivery of mRNA
• Pre-Clinical studies were done in mice with Single dose
of 30 ug or double dose of 1µg or 2 µg.
• In non human pirates(NHP) vaccine doses of candidates
mRNA-1273 (10 or 100 µg) and BNT162b2 (30 or 100
µg) were used.
• In human clinical trial phase2/3, 100 µg of Moderna and
30 µg of Pfizer vaccine was used.
Results Results
Results from mice and NHP: For Moderna Vaccine, 30,420 participants ≥18 years were
given vaccine or placebo on Day 0 and Day 28.Vaccine
While a single immunization with a high vaccine dose (30 µg) showed protection 14 days after first dose and has
appeared sufficient to promote an elevated humoral response in mice efficacy of 94% and mild side effects.
, a booster immunization was necessary for nAb generation at the
lower vaccine doses (1 µg or 2 µg) .
In NHPs, the clinical candidates mRNA-1273 (10 or 100 µg) and
BNT162b2 (30 or 100 µg) both demonstrated a robust, dose-
dependent capacity to elicit SARS-CoV-2 specific Abs after two
immunizations.
Results from Human Clinical Trials:
S
• mRNA-1273(Moderna) 100 µg ,28 Days apart
• BNT162b2(Pfizer)30 µg,21 days apart.
The data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines are effective at
inducing SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses, even at very low dosages.
However, a second dose of either mRNA vaccine formulation seems
to be required to reach significant levels of nAbs.
Conclusion
mRNA Pfizer vaccine showed 95% efficacy in 16
years and above and Moderna mRNA vaccine
showed 94% efficacy in 18 years and above. Hence,
these vaccines can be used to protect against
COVID-19.
REFERENCES
1. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine | NEJM
For Pfizer vaccine, 43,528 participants ≥16 years were 2. Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine | NEJM
given vaccine or placebo on Day 0 and Day 21.Vaccine 3. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines: Immunological Mechanism and Beyond -
PubMed (nih.gov)
showed protection 7 days after second dose and has 4. https://www.oligotherapeutics.org/facts-about-mrna-vaccines-and-the-
efficacy of 95% and mild side effects. decades-of-research-that-went-into-creating-them/
• Coronavirus disease
2019( COVID-19) is caused by
Severe Acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2).
• Since 2020, various vaccines
have come up to prevent this
disease and mRNA vaccines are
one of them. These mRNA
vaccines are used for first time in
the history of mankind to prevent
any disease.
• The immune response elicited by
the vaccine, safety and efficacy
is studied in this research with
respect to animal model and
human clinical trials.
• Coronavirus disease 2019( COVID-
19) is caused by Severe Acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2).
• Since 2020, various vaccines have
come up to prevent this disease and
mRNA vaccines are one of them.
These mRNA vaccines are used for
first time in the history of mankind to
prevent any disease.
• The immune response elicited by the
vaccine, safety and efficacy is studied
in this research with respect to animal
model and human clinical trials
• Coronavirus disease 2019( COVID-19) is caused by Severe
Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
• Since 2020, various vaccines have come up to prevent this
disease and mRNA vaccines are one of them. These mRNA
vaccines are used for first time in the history of mankind to
prevent any disease.
• The immune response elicited by the vaccine, safety and
efficacy is studied in this research with respect to animal model
and human clinical trials.
Results from mice and NHP:
While a single immunization with a high vaccine dose
(30 µg) appeared sufficient to promote an elevated
humoral response in mice , a booster immunization was
necessary for nAb generation at the lower vaccine
doses (1 µg or 2 µg) .
In NHPs, the clinical candidates mRNA-1273 (10 or
100 µg) and BNT162b2 (30 or 100 µg) both
demonstrated a robust, dose-dependent capacity to
elicit SARS-CoV-2 specific Abs after two
immunizations.
Results from Human Clinical Trials:
S
• mRNA-1273(Moderna) 100 µg ,28 Days apart
• BNT162b2(Pfizer)30 µg,21 days apart.
The data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines
are effective at inducing SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses,
even at very low dosages. However, a second dose of
either mRNA vaccine formulation seems to be required
to reach significant levels of nAbs.
For Pfizer vaccine, 43,528 participants ≥16
years were given vaccine or placebo on Day 0
and Day 21.Vaccine showed protection 7 days
after second dose and has efficacy of 95% and