GRAMMAR: CÂU

ĐƠN
CÂU GHÉP
CÂU PHỨC
CÂU ĐƠN:
1. She is working.
2. I am playing.

 CÓ MỘT MỆNH ĐỀ.

 MỘT MỆNH ĐỀ GỒM: S + V
CÂU GHÉP
1. She is working, and I am playing.

2. My phone is an indispensable device, and I have to bring it everywhere with me.

3. The company needs to constantly innovate its products, or they will be outdated.

4. People now can use Facebook to connect with each other, but their personal information can be

abused by identity thieves.

 CÓ ÍT NHẤT HAI MỆNH ĐỀ

 TẤT CẢ MỆNH ĐỀ ĐỀU ĐỘC LẬP, CÓ THỂ ĐỨNG MỘT MÌNH

 Từ nối Ý nghĩa Vị trí Ví dụ
In addition Thêm nữa Giữa câu, sau “;” Parents should know what their kids use the
Besides internet for; in addition, there should be a
Furthermore time limit for internet use.
Moreover
However Tuy nhiên Giữa câu, sau “;” You should come to the party with a present;
Nevertheless however, it should not be something too
expensive.
Therefore Vì vậy Giữa câu, sau “;” Social network is a tool for communicating
regardless distance; therefore, we can
connect to friends around the world.
As a result Kết quả Giữa câu, sau “;” Many young people nowadays spend too
In consequence là much time communicating on social
Consequently networking sites; as a result, they gradually
replace real-life interaction with online one
 CÂU PHỨC
1. Although I studied hard for the exam, I didn’t pass.

2. Unless you tell me the truth, I will not let you leave.

3. Before she went on her first date, she had spent 2 hours dressing up.

 CÓ HAI MỆNH ĐỀ TRỞ LÊN

 GỒM MỆNH ĐỀ CHÍNH VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ PHỤ
RELATIVE CLAUSE: MỆNH ĐỀ
QUAN HỆ
1. The woman who is wearing a red dress is my
friend.
2. The car which he has just bought is very
expensive.
 DÙNG ĐỂ BỔ SUNG THÔNG TIN CHO DANH TỪ
ĐỨNG NGAY TRƯỚC NÓ
 RELATIVE MEANING EXAMPLE
PRONOUN
WHO People I told you about the woman who lives
next door.
WHICH Things, animals Do you see the cat which is lying on the
roof?
He couldn’t read, which surprised me.

WHOSE - His, her, my, its, Do you know the boy whose mother is a
their… nurse?
- ‘s
WHOM People I was invited by the professor whom I met
at the conference.
THAT Who, whom, which I don’t like the table that stands in the
kitchen.
TRƯỜNG HỢP BẮT BUỘC DÙNG “THAT”
1. Sau một danh từ hỗn hợp (vừa chỉ người, vừa chỉ vật hoặc đồ vật)
E.g.: We can see a lot of people and cattle that are going to the field
2. Sau đại từ bất định:
E.g.: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
3. Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, ALL, EVERY, VERY, ONLY:
E.g.: This is the most beautiful dress that I have seen.
All that is mine is yours.
You are the only person that can help us.
4. Trong cấu trúc nhấn mạnh: It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
E.g.: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
Defining relative clauses (Mệnh đề xác định ):
Cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu; không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa.

E.g.:
1. Do you know the name of the man who/ that came here yesterday?
2. The man whom/ that you met yesterday is coming to my house for
dinner.

NOTE:
 Mệnh đề xác định không có dấu phẩy
 Ta có thể dùng từ ”that” thay thế cho ”who, whom, which”
Non – defining clauses (Mệnh đề không xác định)
Cung cấp thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật, không có nó thì câu vẫn
đủ nghĩa.
• My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
• The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants
in my garden.
• The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the
classroom.
• In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

NOTE:
 Mệnh đề không xác định PHẢI có dấu phẩY
 Mệnh đề này không được bỏ đại từ quan hệ và không được
dùng “That”
TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÔNG DÙNG “THAT”

 MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH

e.g.:
1. Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
2. The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the
classroom.
3. My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to
London.

 MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ CÓ GIỚI TỪ ĐỨNG TRƯỚC

e.g.:
1. The jungle in which the tribe lived was full of strange and unusual animals.
2. The tree under which they had their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.
3. Does he know the girl to whom John is talking?
REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
RÚT GỌN)
 MĐQH LÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỦ ĐỘNG:
The man who stood at the door is my uncle. S + V-ing + main Verb
 ___________________________________.
The man who stands at the door is my uncle.
 ___________________________________.
The man who is / was standing at the door is my uncle.
 ___________________________________.

 MĐQH LÀ MỆNH ĐỀ BỊ ĐỘNG S + V3 + main Verb

The woman who was given a flower looked very happy.
 ___________________________________.
The Harry Potter series which were written by Rowling are popular.
 ___________________________________.