KELETAL SYS

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 Introduction
• It deals about bones, joints, cartilages, tendons, &
ligaments of the body.
• The adult human has 206 bones.
• The study of bone is called Osteology
Functions of skeletal system:
• Support: forms a rigid framework to which the softer
tissues and organs of the body are attached.
• Protection: encloses and surrounds the vital
organs of the body by forming cavities. E.g., rib
cage, skull, pelvic cavity, vertebral column, ...

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• Body movement: helps to move the body by giving
attachment to skeletal muscles.
– By doing so the bones act as levers, with the joints
functioning as pivots, when muscles contract to
produce movement.
• Hemopoiesis: the red bone marrow of an adult
produces red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets.
• Mineral storage: about 95% of the calcium and 90%
of the phosphorus in the body are deposited with in
the bones and teeth.
– Lesser amounts of magnesium and sodium salts are
also stored in bone tissue.
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 Classification of Bones based on Shape
• I. Long Bones
• Are tubular structures
• Has a shaft and two ends
• Named according to shape but not size
Femurs, Humerus, Phalanges
• II. Short Bones
• Shaped like cubes
• Carpals and Tarsals
• III. Sesamoid bone is a special type of short
bone that forms in a tendon where there is
physical stress.
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 • e.g. the patella (knee) also palms and soles .
• The function of sesamoid bones is to protect
tendon from excessive wear and tear.
• IV. Flat Bones
– Thin, broad and a bit curved
– Serve for protection and provide an extensive surface
for muscle attachment
• Scapula, rib, sternum, skull bone
• V. Irregular Bones
– Complex shape that do not fit any of the categories
above
• Vertebrae and hip bones and calcaneus

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• A

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 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

• The adult human skeleton consists of 206

named bones, most of which are paired, with
one member of each pair on the right and left
sides of the body.
• The skeletons of infants and children have
more than 206 bones because some of their
bones fuse later in life.
– Examples are the hip bones and some bones
of the vertebral column (backbone).
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 Division of Skeleton System
 Axial Skeleton
 80 bones
 Lie along longitudinal axis
 Skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear
ossicles
 Appendicular Skeleton
 126 bones
 Upper & lower limbs and pelvic (hip) &
pectoral (shoulder) girdles.
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 Division of Skeleton

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A. SKULL BONES (22)
I. Cranial bones (8)
II. Facial bones (14)
I. Cranial bones (8)
– Most bones of the skull are joined by rigid sutures.
 There are 8 cranial bones:
Paired temporal bones
Paired parietal bones
Unpaired sphenoid bone
Unpaired ethmoid bone
Unpaired occipital bone
Unpaired frontal bone
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 II. FACIAL BONES (14)
 There are fourteen bones found in the face;
 Paired inferior nasal concha bones
 Paired maxilla bones
 Paired zygomatic bones
 Paired palatine bones
 Paired lacrimal bones
 Paired nasal bones
 Unpaired mandibular bone
 Unpaired vomer bone

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• B. THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Composed of 33 individual vertebrae;
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
4 or 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae
 Of which 26 are moveable and the rest
are fused.
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• The intervertebral foramina allow passage
of spinal nerves.
• Three basic functions of the vertebral
column:
To support the head and upper extremities
(limbs).
To provide attachment for various
muscles, ribs and visceral structures.
To protect the spinal cord and permit
passage of the spinal nerves.
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 STERNUM (BREAST BONE)
An elongated, flattened bony plate
Consist of three separate bones:
• Manubrium (upper part)
• Central body (middle part)
• Lower xiphoid process (lower part).
 Coastal notches are found on the lateral sides
where the costal cartilages are attached.
 A clavicular notch for articulation with the
clavicle is present on both sides of the sternal
notch.
The sternal angle is an elevation between the
manubrium and the body of the sternum at the
level of the second rib.
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• RIBS
– There are 12 pairs, each pair being attached posteriorly
to a thoracic vertebra.
– Anteriorly, the 1st seven pairs are anchored to the
sternum by individual costal cartilages and are called
true ribs.
– The remaining five pairs (8,9,10,11 and 12) are termed
false ribs.
– The last two pairs of false ribs (11 and 12) do not attach
at all to the sternum, and are called floating ribs.
• Each of the first ten ribs has a head and a tubercle for
articulation with a vertebra.
• The last two have a head but no tubercle.
– Each of the 12 pairs (all) has a neck, angle and a body
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 APPENDICULAR SKELETON
 Consists:
 Upper limb bones (64)  Lower limb bones
 Clavicle (2) (62)
 Scapula (2)  Hip bones (2)
 Femurs (2)
 Humerus (2)
 Patella (2)
 Radius (2)  Tibia (2)
 Ulna (2)  Fibula (2)
 Carpals (16)  Tarsals (14)
 Metacarpals (10)  Metatarsals (10)
 Phalanges (28)
 Phalanges (28) 20
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• Upper limb bones
• PECTORAL GIRDLE
– Clavicle (collar bone).
• Binds the shoulder to the axial skeleton.
• It is “S” shaped bone.
• Positions the shoulder joint away from the
trunk for freedom of movement.
• This forms the sternoclavicular joint
medially with the sternum, and forms the
acromioclavicular joint laterally with the
acromion process of the scapula.

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• SCAPULA (SHOULDER BLADE)
• A large, triangular flat bone positioned on the posterior
aspect of the ribcage.
• Overlying ribs 2 to 7 or T2- T12.
• It is strengthened by a prominent diagonal bony ridge on its
posterior surface called the spine of the scapula.
• The spine broadens towards the shoulder to form the
acromion.
• A shallow depression is found inferior to the acromion,
which is called the glenoid cavity, into which the head of
the humerus fits.
• A thick, upward projection lies superior and anterior to the
glenoid cavity which is called the coracoid process.

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BRACHIUM (UPPER ARM)
This extends from the shoulder to the elbow and contains
a single bone, the humerus.
Humerus
 the longest bone of the upper limb.
 It consists of;
 Head- articulates with the glenoid cavity of the
scapula
 Shaft (body)
 Proximal and distal end

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• ANTEBRACHIUM (FOREARM)
– Bones of the forearm includes:
• Ulna on the medial side
• Radius on the lateral (thumb) side.
– The ulna is longer and more firmly connected to
the humerus than the radius.
– However, the radius contributes more
significantly at the wrist joint than the ulna.

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• Ulna:
– The proximal end of the ulna articulates with the
humerus and radius.
– A depression called the trochlear notch articulates with
trochlea of the humerus.
– The radial notch accommodates the head of the radius.
• Radius:
– It has a small proximal end and a large distal end.
– A proximal disc-shaped head articulates with the
capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the
ulna.
– The distal end of the radius has a double-faceted surface
for articulation with the proximal wrist bones.

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• THE MANUS (HAND)
– The hand contains 27 bones, constituting the carpus,
metacarpus and phalanges.
• CARPUS (WRIST)
– The wrist consists of eight carpal bones
– arranged in two transverse rows of four bone each
– The proximal row, from lateral to medial consists
of scaphoid (navicular), lunate, triquetrum
(triangular), and pisiform bones.
– The distal row, from lateral to medial consists of
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones.
– The scaphoid and lunate bones of the proximal row
articulate with the distal end of the radius.

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• METACARPUS (PALM)
• The palm consists of five metacarpal bones.
• Their heads are rounded and form articulation
with the phalanx.
• The heads form the knuckles of a clenched fist.
• The metacarpal bones are named I to V from
lateral (thumb) to medial.

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PHALANGES (FINGERS OR DIGITALS)

• The phalanges are the bones that make up the

fingers of the hand and the fingers of the foot.
• There are 56 phalanges in the human body,
with fourteen on each hand and foot.
• Three phalanges are present on each finger and
toe, with the exception of the thumb and large
toe, which possess only two.

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• PELVIC GIRDLE
• HIP BONES (OSSA COXAE)
– Formed by two hip bones (ossa coxae)
– United anteriorly by the symphysis pubis.
– It is attached posteriorly to the sacrum of the vertebral
column.
– It also supports and protects the lower viscera and the
developing fetus.
– Each hip bone consists of three separate bones:
– Ilium, ischium, and pubis, which fuse in the adult.
– On the lateral surface where these three bones ossify
together, is a large circular depression, the acetabulum,
which receives the head of the femur.
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• The pelvis is divided into two:
– A pelvis major (false pelvis or greater
pelvis)
– A pelvis minor (true pelvis or obstetric
pelvis, lesser pelvis) by the pelvic brim.
– The pelvic brim
• This is an oblique line that forms an angle
of about 550 to the horizontal, and gives
the anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the
superior pelvic aperture or pelvic inlet.
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• It surrounds the pelvic inlet.
• The pelvic major
– Lies b/n the iliac fossa and a part of the
abdominal cavity.
• The pelvis minor
– Lies inferior to the pelvic brim and contains the
pelvic cavity.
– Important in obstetrics and gynecology because it
is an integral part of the birth canal.
– It is bounded inferiorly by the inferior pelvic
aperture (pelvic outlet).

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 ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE PELVIS
– The female bony pelvis is divided into:
– False pelvis: above the pelvic brim and has no
obstetric importance.
– True pelvis: below the pelvic brim and related to the
child -birth.
 THE TRUE PELVIS
• It is composed of;
Inlet
Cavity
Outlet

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 Diameters of pelvic inlet
A) Antero-posterior diameters:
• Anatomical APD (true conjugate) = 11cm
– From the tip of the sacral promontory to the upper
border of the symphysis pubis.
• Obstetric conjugate = 10.5 cm
– From the tip of the sacral promontory to the most
bulging point on the back of symphysis pubis which is
about 1 cm below its upper border.
– It is the shortest antero-posterior diameter.
• Diagonal conjugate = 12.5 cm
– From the tip of sacral promontory to the lower border
of symphysis pubis.
– 1.5 cm longer than the true conjugate. 39
B)Transverse diameters:
– About 13cm.
– Between the farthest two points on the
iliopectineal lines.
– It is the largest diameter in the pelvis.
(C) Oblique diameters:
– Right oblique diameter =12 cm
– From the right sacroiliac joint to the left
iliopectineal eminence.
– Left oblique diameter = 12 cm
– From the left sacroiliac joint to the right
iliopectineal eminence.
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• THIGH
• Femur (thigh bone):
– This is the only bone of the thigh.
– It’s the longest, heaviest, strongest bone in the
body. Parts:
– The proximal end
Rounded head -articulates with the
acetabulum
The neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
– The shaft (body) 43
 Distal end
• Lateral and Medial condyles articular
processes for articulation with the tibia.
• Intercondylar fossa is the depression
between the condyles on the posterior
aspect.
• Patellar surface is b/n the condyles
• The epicondyles are above the condyles

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• PATELLA (KNEECAP)
– A triangular sesamoid bone.
– Articulate with the medial and lateral
condyles of the femur
– The patella protects the knee joints
– Strengthens the quadriceps tendon.
– It also increases the leverage of the
quadriceps femoris muscle as it extends
the knee joints.

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• LEG
• Tibia (Shinbone)
• Articulates proximally with the femur at the knee
joint to bear the weight of the body & distally with
the talus of the ankle.
• Parts:
• Proximal end
– Medial and lateral condyles
– Intercondylar eminence.
– Between the condyles is the
– The tibial tuberosity.
– Fibular notch.
– Lateral and medial epicondyles.
• Distal end
– The medial malleolus 46
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• FIBULA
– It is a long, narrow bone
– More important for muscle attachment than for support.
– It’s head articulates with the proximolateral end of the
tibia.
– The distal end has the lateral malleolus.
• FOOT (PES)
– The foot contains 26 bones,
– Constitute the tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges.
– They are basically similar to those of the hand.
– They have distinct structural features to provide weight
support and leverage.
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• TARSUS:
– Consists of seven tarsal bones.
– The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula to
form the ankle joint.
– The calcaneus is the largest of the tarsal bones
and provides skeletal support for the heel of the
foot.
– The navicular bone lies anterior to the talus.
– The remaining four tarsal bones form a distal
series that articulate with the metatarsal bones.
– These are, from medial to lateral side, the medial
cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and lateral
cuneiform bones, and the cuboid bone.
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• METATARSUS:
– Composed of five metatarsal bones, numbered I to V
from medial to lateral.
– The first metatarsal bone is larger than the others because
of its weight-bearing function.
– Each metatarsal bone has a base, body and head, form
proximal to distal.
– The bases of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd metatarsal bones
articulate with the cuneiform bones proximally by
tarsometacarpal joints.
– The heads articulate with the proximal phalanges by
metacarpophalangeal joint.

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• PHALANGES
– Are the skeletal
elements of the
toes.
– Arranged in a
proximal, middle
and a distal row as
with those of the
hands.
– The great toe
(hallux) has only
a proximal and a
distal phalanx.
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