SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER/MODULE 8

NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (NSTP)

CIVIC WELFARE TRAINING SERVICES (CWTS)
1ST SEMESTER/SY 2023-2024
Overview
The prime goal of solid waste management is to reduce and eliminate
the adverse effects and impacts of different wastes on human health
and the environment. Hauling of wastes will be low once we reduce
wastes especially when other wastes where re-used, recycled or
composted.

Thus, it is done in the most efficient manner possible, to keep costs low
and prevent waste build-up. Hence, doing these will also support green
economic development us we are protecting our environment, as well
as having safe and quality life.
Objectives
After finishing the chapter, the students are expected to:

a. Define what is solid waste;

b. Know where solid waste come from
c. Differentiate the concepts of waste management;
d. Identify the different classification and types of wastes;
e. Know the salient features of RA 9003;
f. Know the proper waste management;
g. Know how to make solid waste management plan; and
h. Identify the best available practices in their community.
Lesson 1: Wastes
What is Waste?

• Wastes substances or objects, which are disposed of or are intended or are

required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law (Basel Convention).

• materials that are not prime products for which the initial user has no further
use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or
consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose (United Nations Statistics
Division).

• Unwanted or unusable materials

Lesson 1: Wastes
• Solid wastes may be defined as any garbage or refuse or any by-products
resulting from an industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural and anthropogenic
activities.

• It can be generated during extraction and processing of raw materials into

intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other
human activities (United Nations Statistics Division).

• In short it refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, nonhazardous

institutional and industrial waste, street sweeping, construction debris,
agricultural waste and other non-hazardous and non-toxic solid waste
(NSWMC.EMB,2016).
Lesson 1: Wastes
• The nonstop stream of new products using new packaging technology in the market,
had a resulting impact of not only increase volume of waste but also increase in the
variety of waste. Our country generates wastes from 0.3-0.7 kg per capita per day.

• As of November 2019, Philippine households generate about 40,000 tons of waste

per day, enough to fill up to 100 Olympic-sized swimming pools every single day.
Fifty percent of this wastes can be composted while 25 percent are made up of
plastics which are recyclable.

• According to Environment Undersecretary Benny Antiporda, the waste is not the

problem, but rather, it is the Filipinos' lack of discipline to segregate and reduce
waste (ABS CBN news channel ANC).
Type of Wastes
A. Solid wastes

B. Liquid wastes

C. Hazardous wastes

D. Agricultural wastes
A. Solid Wastes
• Waste in solid forms, domestic, commercial and industrial wastes include
all domestic refuse and non-hazardous wastes such as commercial and
institutional wastes, street sweepings and construction debris.

• All discarded household, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional,

ports / harbor and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction
debris, agriculture waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste
(RA 9003).

Example: plastics, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, etc.

A. Solid Wastes
Except:
• a) waste identified or listed as hazardous waste of a solid, liquid, contained gaseous or
semisolid form which may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or in serious or
incapacitating reversible illness, or acute/chronic effect on the health of persons and
other organisms;

• b) infectious waste from hospitals such as equipment, instruments, utensils, and fomites
of a disposable nature from patients who are suspected to have communicable diseases
and

• c) mine wastes are unwanted and uneconomic materials (including rock, sediment,
tailings, metallurgical wastes, dusts, ash, and processing chemicals) that are found at or
near mine sites in virtually every country in the world.
A.1. Classification of Solid Wastes
BIODEGRADABLE WASTES

It is a type of wastes which can be broken down in a reasonable amount of time. It

can be decomposed by microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. These are
compostable wastes such as food waste, garden waste, animal waste and human
waste. They undergo biological degradation under controlled conditions and can be
turned into compost (soil conditioner or organic fertilizer) by mixing them with soil,
water, air and biological additives/activators (optional).

Examples: paper, wood, fruit and vegetable peelings, leftover foods,

fish/fowl/meat/animal entrails, soft shells, seeds, leaves, flowers, twigs, branches
and stems
A.1. Classification of Solid Wastes
NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE

It is a kind of substance which cannot be broken down, cannot be

decomposed or dissolved by natural organisms and acts as a source of
pollution since it is not easy to handle.

Example: plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam containers

A.1. Classification of Solid Wastes
There are two sub-types of non-biodegradable wastes:

Recyclable wastes- any waste material retrieved from the waste stream
and free from contamination that can still be converted into suitable
beneficial use or for other purposes are. It is either brought to a
collection center or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned,
and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing.

Example: newspaper, ferrous scrap metal, non-ferrous scrap metal,

corrugated cardboard, aluminum, glass, office paper and tin cans
A.1. Classification of Solid Wastes
Residual wastes-solid waste materials that are non-compostable and
non-recyclable. It should be disposed ecologically through a long-term
disposal facility or sanitary landfill.

Examples-sanitary napkins, disposable diapers, worn-out rugs, cartons

which contain a plastic lining usually used for milk and juice containers,
ceramics, candy wrappers/sachets and other soiled materials that
cannot be composted and recycled .
A.1. Classification of Solid Wastes
Special Wastes

Refer to household hazardous wastes. Examples are paints, thinners, household batteries,
lead-acid batteries, spray canisters.

Bulky Wastes shall refer to waste materials which cannot be appropriately placed in separate
containers because of either its bulky size, shapes or other physical attributes.

Example-furniture, residential debris, worn-out appliances. Example of worn-out appliances

or broken furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets, consumer electronics which refers to
worn-out or broken or other discarded items such as radios, stereos, television sets. White
goods which refer to large worn-out or broken household appliances such as stoves,
refrigerators · dishwashers, clothes washers, dryers, oil, and tires.
B. Liquid Wastes

Waste in liquid form or any waste that contains free liquids, which will
readily separate from the solid waste under ambient temperature and
pressure (Paint Filter Test Method 9095).

Example: domestic washing, waste water from ponds, manufacturing

industries and oil
C. Industrial Wastes
Hazardous waste that are solid or combination of solid waste which
because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or
infectious characteristics may cause, or significantly contribute to an
increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or
incapacitating reversible, illness and may pose a substantial present or
potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly
treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.
C. Industrial Wastes
Examples:
• Paints and solvents
• Automotive wastes (used motor oil, antifreeze, etc.)
• Pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc.)
• Mercury-containing wastes (thermometers, switches, fluorescent lighting, etc.)
• Electronics (computers, televisions, cell phones)
• Aerosols / Propane cylinders
• Caustics / Cleaning agents
• Refrigerant-containing appliances
• Some specialty Batteries (e.g. lithium, nickel cadmium, or button cell batteries)
• Ammunition
• Radioactive waste
D. Agricultural Wastes
• Waste generated from planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or pruning of plants and
wastes or run-off materials from farms or fields.

Sources of agricultural wastes:

Non-point Source
• Sediment run-off
• Nutrient run-off
• Pesticides

Point Source
• Animal wastes
• Chicken dung
• Swine wastes
• Vegetable washing water
Lesson 2: Managing our solid wastes and overview of
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003)

The primary goal of solid waste management is reducing and

eliminating adverse impacts of waste materials on human health and
the environment to support economic development and superior
quality of life.
Lesson 2: Managing our solid wastes and overview of
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003)

What is Republic Act or (RA 9003) or Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000?

• It is an act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the
necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited
and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes.

• Solid waste management shall refer to the systematic administration of activities

which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer,
processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management
activities which do not harm the environment.
Lesson 2: Managing our solid wastes and overview of
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003)

Municipal Solid Wastes

• Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish, construction &

packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by any
municipality
A. APPROACHED TO ECOLOGICAL
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. Segregation at source

Segregation of wastes at source. All the members of the household must be

informed how to segregate wastes into compostable, non-recyclable, recyclable
and special or hazardous waste.

2. Separate collection of waste materials

There must be a separate container for each type of waste. Segregated

recyclables must be properly cleaned before storing them in their respective
containers.
A. APPROACHED TO ECOLOGICAL
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
3. The use of special collection schedules and/or separate trucks or haulers must
be required for specific types of wastes.

4. Strict implementation of materials recovery system including recycling

Recyclable wastes materials should be taken to the Materials Recovery Facility

(MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangays where they are received, sorted,
processed and stored efficiently and in an environmentally sound manner.
Compostable wastes on the other hand, should be composted either in the
backyard or the community composting site. Hazardous wastes are further
screened and sent to appropriate hazardous waste treatment and disposal plants.
A. APPROACHED TO ECOLOGICAL
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
5. Prohibiting open burning

6. The residual wastes or the non-recyclable and non-compostable

wastes shall be transferred to a long-term storage or disposal facility
or sanitary landfill.

7. Strict implementation of RA 9003 and its implementing rules and

regulations specially its penalty.
B. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003)
SECTION 48. Prohibited Acts. The following acts are prohibited:

• Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places, such as roads,

sidewalks, canals, esteros or parks, and establishment, or causing or
permitting the same;

• Undertaking activities or operating, collecting or transporting equipment in

violation of sanitation operation and other requirements or permits set forth
in or established pursuant to this Act;

• The open burning of solid waste;

B. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003)
• Causing or permitting the collection of non-segregated or unsorted
waste;

• Squatting in open dumps and landfills;

• Open dumping, burying of biodegradable or non-biodegradable

materials in flood-prone areas;

• Unauthorized removal of recyclable material intended for collection by

authorized persons;
B. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003)
• The mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste in any
vehicle, box, container or receptacle used in solid waste collection or disposal;

• Establishment or operation of open dumps as enjoined in this Act, or closure of

said dumps in violation of Sec. 37;

• The manufacture, distribution or use of non-environmentally acceptable

packaging materials;

• Importation of consumer products packaged in non-environmentally acceptable

materials;
B. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003)
• Importation of toxic wastes misrepresented as “recyclable” or “with
recyclable content”;

• Transport and dumping in bulk of collected domestic, industrial,

commercial and institutional wastes in areas other than centers or facilities
prescribed under this Act;

• Site preparation, construction, expansion or operation of waste

management facilities without an Environmental Compliance Certificate
required pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1586 and this Act and not
conforming with the land use plan of the LGU;
B. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003)
• The construction of any establishment within two hundred (200)
meters from open dumps or controlled dumps, or sanitary landfills;
and

• The construction or operation of landfills or any waste disposal facility

on any aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area and or any
portions thereof.
B. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003)
SECTION 49. Fines and Penalties

• Any person who violates Sec. 48, paragraph (1) shall, upon conviction, be punished
with a fine of not less than Three hundred pesos (P300.00) but not more than One
thousand pesos (P1,000.00) or render community service for not less than one (1)
day to not more than fifteen (15) days to an LGU where such prohibited acts are
committed, or both;

• Any person who violates Sec. 48, pars. (2) and (3), shall, upon conviction, be
punished with a fine of not less than Three hundred pesos (P300.00) but not more
than One thousand pesos (P1,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than one (1)
day to not more than fifteen (15) days, or both;
B. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003)
SECTION 49. Fines and Penalties

• Any person who violates Sec. 48, pars. (4), (5), (6), and (7) shall, upon conviction, be
punished with a fine of not less than One thousand pesos (P1,000.00) but not more than
Three thousand pesos (P3,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than fifteen (15) days but
not more than six (6) months, or both;

• Any person who violates Sec. 48, pars. (8), (9), (10) and (11) for the first time shall, upon
conviction, pay a fine of Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) plus an amount not
less than five percent (5%) but not more than ten percent (10%) of his net annual income
during the previous year. The additional penalty of imprisonment of a minimum period of
one (1) year, but not to exceed three (3) years at the discretion of the court, shall be
imposed for second or subsequent violations of Sec. 48, paragraphs (9) and (10).
B. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003)
SECTION 49. Fines and Penalties

• Any person who violates Sec. 48, pars. (12) and (13), shall, upon conviction, be
punished with a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) but not
more than Two hundred thousand pesos (P200,000.00) or imprisonment of not
less than thirty (30) days but not more than three (3) years, or both;

• Any person who violates Sec. 48, pars. (14), (15) and (16) shall, upon conviction,
be punished with a fine not less than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00)
but not more than One million pesos (P1,000,000.00), or imprisonment not less
than one (1) year but not more than six (6) years, or both.
B. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003)
• If the offense is committed by a corporation, partnership, or other
juridical entity duly organized in accordance with law, the chief
executive officer, president, general manager, managing partner or such
other officer-in-charge shall be liable for the commission of the offense
penalized under this Act.

• If the offender is an alien, he shall, after service of the sentence

prescribed above, be deported without further administrative
proceedings. The fines herein prescribed shall be increased by at least
ten percent (10%) every three (3) years to compensate for inflation and
to maintain the deterrent function of such fines.
B. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 (RA 9003)
SECTION 50. Administrative Sanctions

Local government officials and officials of government agencies

concerned who fail to comply with and enforce rules and regulations
promulgated relative to this Act shall be charged administratively in
accordance with R.A. 7160 and other existing laws, rules and
regulations.
C. Effects of Solid Wastes
A. HEALTH HAZARD

• If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to accumulate, they may
create unsanitary conditions.

• This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.

• Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, plague, jaundice, or

gastro-intestinal disease may spread and cause loss of human lives.
C. Effects of Solid Wastes
B. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• If the solid wastes are not treated properly decomposition and putrefaction
(decay) may take place.
• The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate obnoxious
(intolerable odor)
• Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the rivers.
• Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds.
• Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.
• Degrades water and soil quality.
D. Other Wastes Disposal
• Collection shall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from a
communal storage point. "Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

• Disposal to Sanitary Landfill shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling,
leaking or placing of any solid waste into or in an land.

• Waste destruction in a furnace by controlled burning at high temperatures.

Incineration removes water from hazardous sludge, reduces its mass and/or
volume, and converts it to a non-burnable ash that can be safely disposed of on
land, in some waters, or in underground pits. However, it is a highly contentious
method because incomplete incineration can produce carbon monoxide gas,
gaseous dioxins, and/or other harmful substances.
D. Other Wastes Disposal

• Composting shall refer to the controlled decomposition of organic

matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-
like product.

• Pyrolysis defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of

air to produce char, pyrolysis oil syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood
to charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the
absence of oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this
process.
Lesson 3. Solid Waste Management in the
Philippines

In 2000, Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act was enacted to provide a framework for managing the growing
problem of solid waste in the country. Furthermore Republic Act 9003
gives prime importance to the roles of LGUs in managing their
respective solid wastes.
A. CREATION OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT BOARD (SWMB)
• Prepares Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP) as specified under RA 9003
• Monitors the implementation of the SWMP in cooperation with the private sector
and NGOs
• Adopts revenue generating measures to promote the viability of SWMP
• Recommends measures for the preservation of the ecosystem, and safeguards
against pollution
• Suggests ways, such as franchises or Build-Operate-Transfer(BOT) agreements, for
the collection, transfer, storage, processing, recycling, or disposal of solid wastes.

In 2004, a total of 103 cities representing 94% of the total 109 had organized their
SWMBs in accordance with the provisions of RA 9003. Of this number, however,
only 49 cities or 44% had effective SWMBs.
B. CREATION OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT PLAN (SWMP)
1. Waste characterization
2. Proper waste collection and transfer
3. Waste processing
4. Waste reduction at source
5. Recycling
6. Source for final waste disposal

In 2004, a total of 91 cities or about 85% of the 107 urban centers had formulated their
respective 10year SWMPs. Of this number, only 67 cities had formulated quality SWMPs in
accordance with the minimum requirements of RA 9003. Another 25 cities had demonstrated
high performance levels for formulating quality SWMPs. Furthermore, the remaining 15 cities
had within and below bench mark capacity levels in preparing their respective SWMPs.
C. PHILIPPINES RECENT TRENDS IN
THE FIELD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. Establishment of Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in Barangay and City level

2. Composting of Biodegradable Waste to be used as organic fertilizer

3. Innovative way of Recycling of Non-biodegradable wastes

4. Segregation at source Household level

5. Innovative way of collecting segregated waste dump trucks, tricycles and pedicabs

6. Construction of Sanitary Landfill

D. AVPs/Documentaries
1. Quick facts about wastes management in the Philippines https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=mFowoSt2BCI

2. Reporter’s Notebook: Problema sa basura ng Pilipinas, masosolusyunan pa Ba? April 28, 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptfD3IdAPxQ

3. Wastes management concept

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6ppCC3lboU

4. Matangalawin: Philippines growing problem with plastic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Fo_CDHjSdk

5. What a Waste 2.0: Everything You Should Know About

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CSm4GG2VrU&t=2s