DISASTER & DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

2
Climatic
Disaster:
India
Earthquake
Risk Zones:
India
 Major Disasters in India (last 40 years)
S.
N Event Year State & Area Effects
1 Drought 1972 Large part of country 200 million affected
10,000 people & 40,000 cattle
2 Cyclone 1977 Andhra Pradesh died
3 Drought 1987 15 states 300 million affected
967 died. 435,000 acres land
4 Cyclone 1990 Andhra Pradesh affected
7,928 people died.30,000
5 Earthquake 1993 Latur, Maharashtra
injured
Andhra Pradesh 1000 people died.5,80,000
6 Cyclone 1996 houses destroyed
Super
7 cyclone 1999 Orissa Over 10,000 deaths
13,805 deaths,6.3 millions
8 Earthquake 2001 Bhuj,Gujrat affected
S.N Event Year State & Area Effects
Coastline TN, Kerala, 10,749 deaths.5,640
9 Tsunami 2004 AP, A&N islands & missing,2.79 Millions
Puducherry

10 Floods July Maharashtra 1094 deaths

2005 167 injured, 54 missing
11 Earthquake 2008 Kashmir 1400 deaths
527 deaths,19,323 cattle
12 Kosi floods 2008 North Bihar died
13 Cyclone 2008 Tamilnadu 204 deaths

14 Krishna 2009 Andhrapradesh & 300 died

floods Karnataka

15 Flash flood June Uttarakhand 5,700 deaths,

2013 70,000 affected
Phailin Oct Coastline of Orissa, 27 died, 10,00,000
16 Cyclone 2013 Jharkhand evacuations
 Flood,
A few natural disasters in Uttarakhand
Earthquake, 2013
Oct, 2005

Earthquake
Avalanche Uttarkashi, 20
Feb 2005 Oct 1991
Flood, Assam
& Bihar 2004
Bhuj,
Earthquake,
Bhopal Gas
26 January,
Tragedy, Dec
2001
1982

Floods, Alia Cyclone

Mumbai, 2009
26 July
2005 Cyclone
Earthquake, 29 Oct
Latur, 30 1999
Sept 1993 PHAILIN
Cyclone 2013

Tsunami
Tsunami 26 Dec
26 Dec 2004
2004
Disaster Management

Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of

resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to
lessen the impact of disasters. Encompasses all aspects of planning for and
responding to disasters including both pre and post disaster activities.

A continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and

implementing measures which are necessary for:

● Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.

● Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences.
● Capacity-building.
● Preparedness to deal with any disaster.
● Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.
● Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster.
● Evacuation, rescue and relief.
● Rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Disaster Management

Disaster management includes all measures which reduce disaster related

losses of life, property or assets by either reducing the hazard or
vulnerability of the elements at risk..
The process of Disaster Management involves four phases
 Preparedness
 Mitigation
 Response
 Recovery

 Goals of Disaster Management:

(1) Reduce, or avoid, losses from hazards;

(2) Assure prompt assistance to victims;

(3) Achieve rapid and effective recovery.

Disaster Management Cycle

The Disaster management cycle

illustrates the ongoing process by which
governments, businesses, and civil society
plan for and reduce the impact of
disasters, react during and immediately
following a disaster, and take steps to
recover after a disaster has occurred.

Appropriate actions at all points in the

cycle lead to greater preparedness, better
warnings, reduced vulnerability or the
prevention of disasters during the next
repetition of the cycle. The complete
disaster management cycle includes the
shaping of public policies and plans that
either modify the causes of disasters or
mitigate their effects on people, property,
and infrastructure.
 Activities that
reduce effects of Activities prior to a
disasters disaster.
• Building codes & • Preparedness plans
• Emergency exercises
Prepared-
• Training,
zoning ness
• Vulnerability • Warning systems
analyses
• Public education

Integrated
Mitigation Disaster Response
Management
Activities following
Activities during a
a disaster.
disaster.
• Temporary
• Public warning
housing Recovery systems
• Claims
• Emergency
processing
operations
• Grants
• Search & rescue
• Medical care
 PROACTIVE STRATEGY

PRE DISASTER

FUNDAMENTAL
HOLISTIC
DISASTER OF PROMPT &
AND
EFFECTIVE
CONTINUOS
RESPONSE
PROCESS

RECOVERY POST DISASTER

A graphic Representation of the Disaster management Cycle

Disaster Management in India
The Government of India in recognition of the importance of Disaster
Management as a national priority, set up a High-Powered Committee in
August 1999 and a National Committee after the Gujarat earthquake, for
making recommendations on the preparation of Disaster Management plans and
suggesting effective mitigation mechanisms. On 23 December 2005, the
Government of India enacted the Disaster Management Act, which envisaged
the creation of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), headed
by the Prime Minister, and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs)
headed by respective Chief Ministers, to spearhead and implement a holistic
and integrated approach to Disaster Management in India.
Disaster Preparedness
This protective process embraces measures which enable governments, communities
and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them effectively.
Preparedness includes
 the formulation of viable emergency plans
 Evaluation of the risk
 Adopting standards and regulations.
 Organize communication and response mechanism.
 Ensure all resources- ready and easily mobilized.
 the development of warning systems and public education programs
 Coordinate information with news media.
 Disaster simulation exercises-mock drill
 the maintenance of inventories and the training of personnel
 evacuation plans for areas that may be at risk from a recurring disaster
Preparedness therefore encompasses those measures taken before a disaster event
which are aimed at minimising loss of life, disruption of critical services, and damage
when the disaster occurs.
 Preparedness also includes Medical Preparedness &
Mass Casualty Management

1. Developing and capacity building of medical team for Trauma &

psycho-social care, Mass casualty management

2. Determine casualty handling capacity of all hospitals.

3. Formulate appropriate treatment procedures.

4. Involvement of private hospitals.

5. Mark would be care centers that can function as a medical units.

6. Identify structural integrity and approach routes

Mitigation
Mitigation embraces measures taken to reduce both the effect of the hazard and
the vulnerable conditions in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster.

Mitigation is permanent reduction of risk of a disaster to limit impact on

human suffering and economic assets.

 Primary mitigation - reducing hazard & vulnerability.

 Secondary mitigation- reducing effects of hazard.

The objective of mitigation is to reduce the risk of being affected by a disaster.

Even if the hazard cannot be removed, vulnerability can be decreased and in case
of an impact, the capacity to withstand, to respond and to recover will be stronger .

Reducing hazard - protection against threat by removing the cause of threat.

Reducing vulnerability - reducing the effect of threat
Natural hazards are inevitable, reduce vulnerability.
Components:

 Hazard identification and mapping –

Assessment – Estimating probability of a damaging phenomenon of given
magnitude in a given area .
Considerations-
 History
 Probability of various intensities
 Maximum threat
 Possible secondary hazards

 Vulnerability analysis –
A process which results in an understanding of the types and levels of
exposure of persons, property, and the environment to the effects of identified
hazards at a particular time.
. Risk analysis –
Determining nature and scale of losses which can be anticipated in a
particular area.

Involves analysis of
Probability of a hazard of a particular magnitude.
Elements susceptible to potential loss/damage.
Nature of vulnerability.
Specified future time period.

 Prevention –
 Activities taken to prevent a natural phenomenon or potential
hazard from having harmful effects on either people or economic
assets.
Pre-Disaster Preventive Measures
Long-term measures : Primary mitigation - reducing hazard &
vulnerability

1.Physical Planning Measures

• Decentralization of elements at risk
• Control of population density
• Design of services and roads
• Land use regulation
• Supporting R&D in various aspects of disaster mitigation,
preparedness and prevention and post-disaster management.
• Networking of local NGOs working in the area of disaster
management

2.Economic Measures
• Diversification of economic activity
• Economic incentives (grants loans, taxes)
• Insurance
3.Management and Institutional Measures
• Education and training
• Research
• Technical expertise
• Strengthening the capability of local authorities

3.Social Measures
 Public information campaigns
 Preparation of disaster related literature in local languages with dos and
don'ts for construction
 Evolving educational curricula in architecture and engineering institutions
and technical training in polytechnics and schools to include disaster
related topics
 De-sensationalize hazards
 Community involvement
 Drills
4.Engineering and Construction Measures
 Stronger individual structures
 Hazard control structures (flood control, levees, dams)
• Re-framing buildings codes, guidelines, manuals and byelaws
and their strict implementation. Tougher legislation for highly
seismic areas.
• Incorporating earthquake resistant features in all buildings at
high-risk areas- Retrofitting of weak structures in highly
seismic zones
• Making all public utilities like water supply systems,
communication networks, electricity lines etc. earthquake-proof.
• Constructing earthquake-resistant community buildings and
buildings (used to gather large groups during or after an
earthquake) like schools, hospitals, prayer halls, etc., especially
in seismic zones of moderate to higher intensities
Post-Disaster Preventive Measures : Secondary mitigation-
reducing effects of hazard Emergency Stage

1. Maintenance of law and order, prevention of trespassing, looting

etc.
2. Evacuation of people.
3. Recovery of dead bodies and their disposal.
4. Medical care for the injured.
5. Supply of food and drinking water.
6. Temporary shelters like tents, metal sheds etc.
7. Repairing lines of communication and information.

Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make

them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure
due to earthquakes.
Post-Disaster Preventive
Measures
Response
Immediate reaction to disaster as the disaster is anticipated, or soon after it begins in
order to assess the needs, reduce the suffering, limit the spread and consequences of
the disaster, open up the way to rehabilitation.
By-
Mass evacuation
Search and rescue
Emergency medical services
Securing food and water
Maintenance of Law & Order

The response phase includes

 the mobilization of the necessary emergency services in the disaster area
 wave of core emergency services, such as firefighters, police and ambulance
crews
 secondary emergency services, such as specialist rescue team volunteers and
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the local Red Cross
 Providing immediate practical assistance, from first aid provision to
providing food and counseling
Recovery
The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state. It
differs from the response phase in its focus. Recovery efforts are concerned with
issues and decisions that must be made after immediate needs are addressed. The
recovery phase starts after the immediate threat to human life has subsided.

Recovery efforts are

• primarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding destroyed property
considering the location or construction material of the property.
• Repair of other essential infrastructure
• Repatriation - after the emergency is over, displaced people return to their place
of origin.
• Rehabilitation -restoration of basic social functions.
• Providing temporary shelters
• Stress debriefing for responders and victims
• Economic Rehabilitation
• Psycho-social Rehabilitation
• Scientific Damage Assessment
Recovery

Elements of recovery

 Community recovery (including psychological).

 Infrastructure recovery (services and lifelines).
 Economy recovery ( financial, political ).
 Environment recovery.