WORK:

ORIGIN OF WORK: First recorded before 900 BC; (noun) Middle

English worke, Old English worc, replacing Middle English werk(e), Old
English weorc, cognate with Old Frisian, Old Saxon werk, Old High
German werah, were (German Werk), Old Norse verk, Greek érgon;
(verb) Middle English worken, derivative of the noun, replacing Middle
English wyrchen, Old English wyrcean; cognate with German wirken,
Old Norse verkja, Gothic waurkjan
WORK IN PHYSICS: In physics, work is related to energy transfer.
Whenever work is done, energy is transferred. In a scientific sense, for
work to be done, a force must be exerted, and there must be
displacement in the direction of the force.
Two Categories of Work:
Work Done by a Constant Force:
 When a constant force acts on a body, and it covers a displacement in the
direction of force, work is done.
 Mathematically, �=�⋅�⋅cos⁡(�)W=F⋅d⋅cos(θ), where �F is force, �d is
displacement, and �θ is the angle between force and displacement.
 Factors
Force: Affecting Work:
 Force is a push or pull that changes an object's velocity and
acceleration.
 If force is zero, regardless of the object's state, work done is zero.
 Four forces: friction, normal, weight, applied force. If �=0F=0, then
�=0W=0.
Displacement:
 Displacement is a vector giving the shortest distance between initial
and final positions.
 If �≠0F=0
� but � =0 d=0, then �=0W=0.
Angle:
 The angle between force vector (�F) and displacement vector (�d).
 Three types of work depending on angle.
 Positive Work: If angle is zero or less than 90 degrees, work done is positive
and maximum. �=�⋅�⋅cos⁡0°=�⋅�⋅(1)=+��W=F⋅d⋅cos0°=F⋅d⋅(1)=+Fd,
representing work done by the body.
 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF WORK:
A graph is drawn with the component of the applied force along
the y-axis and displacement along the x-axis.
Graphically, the area under the graph and distance axis is
equal to the work done.
 If the applied force is constant, the graph is a straight line parallel to
the x-axis. The area of work done is obtained from the rectangle
subtended by the force in the y-axis and the difference �2−�1x2​−x1​
in the x-axis.
 If the applied force is variable, the graph is not a rectangle.
Units of Work:
S.I. Unit: Joule (J)
 1 J=(1 N)⋅(1 m)1J=(1N)⋅(1m)
C.G.S. Unit: Erg
 1 erg=(1 dyne)⋅(1 cm)1erg=(1dyne)⋅(1cm)
 (1 , \text{J} = 10^7 , \text{ergs}