The Fundamental Unit of Life

Part1

GRADE 9 CBSE

Ms.Srijita Roy
CELLS
Building blocks= same or different ??
 13

Plant and animal cells

• All cells have cytoplasm, a nucleus and a
cell membrane.

• Plant cells have also a cell wall, a central

vacuole and in many cases, chloroplasts.

• Animal cells do not have these structures

 14

Plant cells Animal cells

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

Nucleus Nucleus

Cell membrane Cell membrane

Cell wall

Chloroplasts
 Plant cell under Light microscope

Plant cell under Electron microscope

Animal cell under Light microscope

Animal cell under Electron microscope

Ans1

A cell is called a structural and fundamental unit of

Ans2 life because the body of all the organisms is made up
of cells. It is a functional unit of life because all the
functions of the body are carried out by cells.
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 COMPOSITION OF CELL WALL

Bacterial Cell wall: made up of Peptidoglycan

Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma) are microscopic
channels which are present in the cell walls of plant cells[2] and
some algal cells, enabling transport and communication
between them.
The middle lamella is a layer which
cements the primary cell walls of two
adjoining plant cells together.
 Cell membrane

The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane,

is found in all cells and separates the interior of
the cell from the outside environment. The cell
membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins
inserted inside. The cell membrane regulates the
transport of materials entering and exiting the cell. It is
selectively permeable.
Structure of plasma membrane
The nucleus has 2 primary functions:
•It is responsible for storing the cell's hereditary
material or the DNA.

•It is responsible for coordinating many of the

important cellular activities such as protein
synthesis, cell division, growth and a host of
other important functions.
When the cell starts dividing
Prokaryotic cell EUKARYOTIC
CELL
 PLASTIDS

The first definitive description of a chloroplast (Chlorophyllkörnen,

"grain of chlorophyll") was given by Hugo von Mohl in 1837 as discrete
bodies within the green plant cell.
The term plastid was coined by Ernst Haeckel in the year 1866.
Chloroplasts contain their own DNA/genetic material
 MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria, were first discovered in 1857 by

physiologist Albert von Kolliker, and later coined
“bioblasts” (life germs) by Richard Altman in 1886. The
organelles were then renamed “mitochondria” by Carl
Benda twelve years later.
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
•The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous membrane system that forms
a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
•All eukaryotic cells contain an ER.
Ribosomes exist as free structures that
float throughout the cytoplasm of the
cell. They do not have membranes.
They are also associated with the Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi bodies
 Lysosomes
• A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive
enzymes. ... They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be
used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria. They are formed by Golgi
bodies.
Peroxisomes (see Figures 4.4A and 4.4B) are metabolic
compartments that do not originate from the
endomembrane system. In fact, how they are related to
other organelles is still unknown. Some peroxisomes break
down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel. In your liver,
peroxisomes detoxify harmful compounds. In these
processes, enzymes transfer hydrogen from the
compounds to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2). Other enzymes in the peroxisome convert this
toxic by-product to water—another example of the
importance of a cell’s compartmental structure
Biology definition:
Endomembrane system is a system of membranes within a cell that serves as a single
functional and developmental unit. The endomembrane system is a system of
membranous components. It includes the membranes of the nucleus, the endoplasmic
reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.
It does not include the membranes of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts.
https://xvivo.com/blog/activate-inhibit-cilia-flagella-move/
Impermeable membranes -

These membranes do not permit the passage of substances through them. Eg.
suberised cell walls, cutinised cell walls

Permeable membranes -

These membranes permit the passage of substances through them. Eg. cellulosic cell
walls
Semipermeable membranes -

These membranes permit the movement

of solvent through them but prevent the
movement of solute particles. Eg. copper
ferricyanide membrane, colloidon
membrane, egg membrane, parchment
membrane
Selectively permeable membranes -

These membranes permit the movement

of solvent through them along with
selective passage of solutes through
them. Eg. plasma membrane
Does not Requires energy
require
energy
© Centura
Foods Ltd
Sometimes diffusion takes
place with the help of
proteins present in the cell
membrane- Facilitated
diffusion
 12

Diffusion is slow
For living processes it is effective only over
short distances

The distance from a cell membrane to the

centre of the cell may be 0.1mm or less

Diffusion is rapid enough to keep a cell

supplied with oxygen and food
Single-celled organisms 13

In a single-celled organism (such as Amoeba) the

distance is so small that diffusion is rapid enough
for the cell’s needs

maximum
distance
oxygen is 0.1 mm

carbon dioxide
 14

Single-celled organisms are rarely more than

1mm in diameter

Bacteria range from 1 - 10 microns (1-10 µ )

( 1 µ is one thousandth of a millimetre)

Diffusion is rapid enough for such small

organisms
 15

Inside the bodies of large animals, diffusion of

oxygen into their cells is rapid enough

For transport across the whole body, diffusion

would be much too slow

Large organisms have evolved transport

systems (e.g. blood circulatory systems)
that carry oxygen from outside the body to
the cells inside
Earthworm 16

diffusion takes place through

the thin skin of the worm

CO2 diffuses
O2 diffuses in out
Section through
worm’s skin

0.04mm

the blood vessels

absorb the O2 and
carry it to the body
 18

Humans obtain their oxygen by diffusion

But not through the skin

Although the skin is well supplied with blood

vessels, there are too many layers of cells for
diffusion to be fast enough

Humans have lungs and it is in these lungs

that diffusion occurs
Human lungs 19

windpipe

lung

diaphragm
position of lungs heart
in thorax human lungs
Lung Structure 20

each tube ends up in

a cluster of tiny air
sacs.
the air passages in the lung
branch into finer and finer tubes
A single air sac 21
blood supply to air sac

diffusion of
oxygen
air breathed
in and out
diffusion of
carbon dioxide O2

CO2
0.03 mm

question 4
Fish 23

gill cover

gills

gill filaments
gill cover cut away
Plants 25

Plants have no special organs for breathing

They have to rely on diffusion for their supplies

of oxygen and carbon dioxide
There are pores in the leaves and stems through
which the gases diffuse
In daylight, CO2 (for photosynthesis) will be
diffusing in and O2 will be diffusing out
In darkness, O2 will diffuse in and CO2 will diffuse
out as a result of respiration
 26
Leaf

O2 and CO2
diffuse through
pores in the the ‘veins’
epidermis
bring water

In a thin leaf, the

diffusion distance
O2 and CO2 diffuse
is short
into the spaces between cells
 osmosis

osmosis is the movement of water

molecules from a solution with a high
concentration of water molecules (high
water potential ) to a solution with a lower
concentration of water molecules ( low
water potential ), through a cell’s semi
permeable membrane.
The nucleus is small, round and
membrane bound structure found in cell.
The fluid inside the nucleus surrounded by
nuclear membrane is called nucleoplasm. It
controls the cell's growth and reproduction
because it contains cell's hereditary
information. It is covered by dual layer
called nuclear membrane.
Cell division
OBSERVING CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dscY_2QQbKU
TYPES OF ORGANISMS
SUGAR

WATER