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04-Laplace Transform and Its Inverse
04-Laplace Transform and Its Inverse
Chapter Four
Laplace Transform and Its Inverse
Laplace Transform and Its Inverse
Outline
Introduction
The Laplace Transform
Properties of the ROC
Properties of the Laplace Transform
Inverse Laplace Transform
Transfer function
Analysis using the Laplace Transform
Solving Differential Equations
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Introduction
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The Laplace Transform
X ( s ) x(t )e st dt
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The Laplace Transform……
We say that x(t) and X(s) are Laplace transform pairs and denote
this relationship as:
x(t )
X ( s ) (with certain ROC)
The unilateral Laplace transform plays an important role in
the analysis of causal systems described by constant coefficient
linear differential equations with initial conditions.
The unilateral Laplace transform is mathematically defined as:
X ( s ) x(t )e st dt
0
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The Laplace Transform……
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The Laplace Transform……
Exercise:
1. Find the Laplace transform of the following continuous-time
signals and state the ROC.
at at
b. x(t ) e u (t ) e. x(t ) e u (t )
c. x(t ) e at u (t )
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The Laplace Transform……
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Properties of the ROC
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Properties of the ROC……
ROC : 2 Re(s ) 1
except possibly at s 0 or s .
vi. The CTFT of x(t) exists if and only if the ROC of x(t)
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Properties of the ROC……
Exercise-1:
The Laplace transform of a continuous-time signal x(t) is given
by:
s 1
X (s) 2
s 5s 6
Determine:
a. all the possible ROCs
b. the corresponding continuous-time signal x(t) for each of the
above ROCs
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Properties of the ROC……
Exercise-2:
Determine x(t) for the following conditions if X(s) is given by :
s 1
X (s) 2
s 5s 6
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Some Common Laplace Transform Pairs
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Rational Laplace Transforms
N ( s ) a0 s M a1s M 1 ..... aM
X ( s)
D( s ) b0 s N b1s N 1 ..... bN
The above rational Laplace transform can be written as:
( s z1 )( s z 2 )....( s z M )
X (s) k
( s p1 )( s p2 )....( s p N )
The roots of the numerator N(s) are known as the zeros of X(s).
The roots of the denominator D(s) are known as the poles of X(s).
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Rational Laplace Transforms……
Exercise:
Find the zeros and poles of the rational Laplace transforms
given below and sketch the pole-zero plot.
2s 4
a. X ( s ) 2
s 4s 3
s2 s 2
b. X ( s ) 2
s 6s 5
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Properties of the Laplace Transform
1. Linearity
x1 (t )
X 1 ( s ) and x 2 (t )
X 2 (s)
a1 x1 (t ) a 2 x 2 (t )
a1 X 1 ( s ) a 2 X 2 ( s )
2. Time scaling
1 s
x(t )
X(s) x(at )
X
a a
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Properties of the Laplace Transform……
3. Time shifting
x(t )
X ( s ) x(t t 0 )
e st0 X ( s )
x(t )
X ( s ) e s0t xt
X s s 0
5. Time reversal
x(t )
X ( s ) x(t )
X ( s)
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Properties of the Laplace Transform……
dx(t )
x(t )
X ( s )
sX ( s )
dt
dX ( s ) 1
x(t )
X ( s )
tx (t )
ds
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Properties of the Laplace Transform……
x1 (t )
X 1 ( s ) and x 2 (t )
X 2 ( s)
x1 (t ) * x 2 (t )
X 1 ( s ). X 2 ( s )
9. Integration
t
x(t )
X ( s ) x(t )dt
tx (t )
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Properties of the Laplace Transform……
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Inverse Laplace Transform
Inverting by Inspection:
The simplest inversion method is by inspection, or by
comparing with the table of common Laplace transform pairs.
Exercise:
Find the inverse of the following Laplace transforms by
inspection.
1
a. X ( s ) , ROC : Re(s ) 2
s2
1
b. X ( s ) , ROC : Re(s ) 2
s2
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Inverse Laplace Transform……
k i s pi X ( s ) s pi
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Inverse Laplace Transform……
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Inverse Laplace Transform……
k1r s p1 X ( s )
r
s p1 k1( r 2 )
1 d2
2 ! ds 2
s p1 r
X ( s) s p1
k1( r 1)
1 d
1! ds
s p1 r X ( s) s p1 and so on.....
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Inverse Laplace Transform……
Exercise-1:
Find the inverse of the following Laplace transforms.
s2
a. X ( s ) 2 , ROC : Re(s) 3
s 7 s 12
s2 s 1
b. X ( s ) 2 , ROC : 0 Re(s) 1
s ( s 1)
s2 s 1
c. X ( s ) , ROC : Re(s) 1
( s 1) 2
s 1
d . X ( s) 2 , ROC : Re(s) 3
s 5s 6
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Transfer Function
The Laplace transform of the impulse response h(t) is known as
the transfer function of the system.
Mathematically:
H ( s ) h(t )e st dt
We say that h(t) and H(s) are Laplace transform pairs and
denote this relationship as:
h(t )
H (s)
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Transfer Function…..
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Transfer Function…..
i. Causal LTI Systems
A continuous time LTI system is causal if h(t)=0, t<0. In other
words, h(t) is right-sided signal.
Therefore, ROC of H(s) is the region to the right of the
rightmost pole.
ii. Anti-causal LTI Systems
A continuous time LTI system LTI system is anti-causal if
h(t)=0, t>0. In other words, h(t) is left-sided signal.
Therefore, ROC of H(s) is the region to the left of the leftmost
pole.
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Transfer Function……
h(t ) dt
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Transfer Function……
Exercise:
1. The transfer function of a continuous-time LTI system is given
by: s 1
H (s) 2
s s6
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Analysis using the Laplace Transform
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Analysis using the Laplace Transform….
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Analysis using the Laplace Transform…..
Exercise:
Consider a continuous-time LTI system with impulse
response h(t) given by:
h(t ) e t u (t )
The input to the system x(t) is:
x(t ) u (t )
Determine the output y(t) of the system using:
a. the Laplace transform
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Exercise
1. Calculate the Laplace transform and state the ROC for the
following continuous-time signals.
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Exercise……
4 s 2 15s 8
X (s)
( s 2) 2 ( s 1)
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Exercise……
2s 7
X (s) 2
s 7 s 12
a. Re( s ) 4
b. 4 Re(s ) 3
c. Re( s ) 3
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Exercise……
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Exercise……
h(t ) e 2t u (t )
Determine the output y(t) of the system using the Laplace
transform for the following inputs.
a. x(t ) cos(t )u (t )
b. x(t ) e 3t u (t )
c. x(t ) te t u (t )
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