UNIT 5.

ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
UNIT 5. ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
https://www.twig-world.com/film/glossary/organic-chemistry-8329/
 ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
• The study of the structure, properties, composition,
reactions and preparation of carbon-containing
compounds.
– Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Silicon
and Sulfur.
www.acs.org

• Science in which chemists create new molecules

and explore the properties of existing compounds.
 ORGANIC
COMPOUND

Any of a large class of

chemical compounds in which
one or more atoms of carbon are
covalently linked to atoms of
other elements, most commonly
hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.
• There are many different families of organic compounds.
– These families are defined by their functional group, which are groups of specific
atoms.
– Compounds that have the same functional group have similar physical and chemical
properties.
• Identifying functional groups allows us to classify organic compounds according to their structure, name
them, predict chemical reactions and draw their structures.
 STRUCTURAL SHAPE AND FORMULA
There are millions of different organic compounds, so we need a systematic way to name
them and draw their structures.

Formula
Methane (CH4)

The structural shape of a methane The structural formula of methane it´s a

molecule (3D arrangement).
1 carbon atom covalently bonded to
four hydrogen atoms. It would be very
difficult to draw more complex
molecules in this way.
simpler method to represent the structural
shape of methane. Often represented in 2D.
To obtain it you must draw the dot and cross
diagram of the molecule.
 HYDROCARBONS
• One of the simplest type of organic compounds are the hydrocarbons.
– A compound that contains a carbon and a hydrogen atoms bonded to one another.

Carbon atoms are shown in black and hydrogen

atoms in grey.
 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
• An homologous series is a sequence of compounds with the same functional group and similar
chemical properties.
• There are two different sub-sets of hydrocarbons with homologous series:
– Alkanes and alkenes

https://members.gcsepod.com/shared/podcasts/title/9893/61205
 HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
• An homologous series is a sequence of compounds with the same functional group and similar
chemical properties.
• There are two different sub-sets of hydrocarbons with homologous series:
– Alkanes and alkenes

https://members.gcsepod.com/shared/podcast

CnH2n+2 CnH2n
s/title/9893/61205

Alkanes Alkenes The functional group (C,C) of

an alkene contains at least one
n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule double bond between carbons.

While the one of the alkanes

contains a single bond
between atoms.
UNIT 5. ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
 ALKANES AND ALKENES
TEAM WORK CLASSWORK

C= black
H= white
Grey stick= single bond
1. Considering n =4 Purple stick= double bond
2. Write the formula of the alkane (butane) and alkene (butene)
3. Draw a dot and cross diagram for the butane and the butene.
4. Based on the diagram, draw the structural formula of butane and butene.
5. Construct the structural shape of each hydrocarbon (kit). Take a picture and send it
through TEAMS.
6. Predict the following characteristics for each hydrocarbon:
• Bonds, number of C and H2, boiling point, reactivity, saturated or unsaturated.
C4 H10 C4H8
Alkanes Alkenes

butane

C= black
H= white
Grey stick= single bond
Purple stick= double bond
 ALKANES
• How to name and draw their
structures?
– The prefix in the name shows
how many carbon atoms it
contains

Cn H2n+2
•meth- contains one carbon atom
•eth- contains two carbon atoms
•prop- contains three carbon atoms
•but- contains four carbon atoms
 ALKANES
• Saturated hydrocarbons: molecules of these compounds
contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
and a maximum amount of hydrogen atoms bonded to the
carbon atom present (octet rule).

• Generally stable and unreactive due to the strenght of

their covalent bonds
– Every atom shares electrons, so every atom has a full
outer shell.

• They are highly combustible: are valuable as clean fuels, Cn H2n+2

because they are able to undrego combustion (burning):

alkane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
 Structural shape

ALKANES
 ALKANES
• As the number of carbon atoms and the length of the alkane chain increases, so does the boiling point.
– The longer the chain, the higher the boling and melting point.
https://www.youtube.com/watch
• The strength of the forces between the molecules is increased. ?v=4EAh9E2KhOE
– As the boiling point increases, the physical state of the alkanes changes from a gas to a liquid

Larger molecules have greater

surface areas and
consequently stronger
intermolecular forces; more
energy is therefore required to
separate them.

Methane-butane:gases
 ALKENES
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons: molecules of these
compounds contain double covalent bonds
somewhere in the chain.
• More reactive than alkanes
– It is possible to break the double bond and add extra
atoms to the molecule such as hydrogen or bromine.
• General formula shows they have two fewer
hydrogen atoms than the equivalent alkane.
• Same trend in boiling point as alkanes.
CnH2n

alkene + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
 ALKENES
• How to name and draw their
structures?
– The prefix in the name shows how
many carbon atoms it contains

CnH2n
•meth- contains one carbon atom
•eth- contains two carbon atoms
•prop- contains three carbon atoms The double bond can appear in the middle or the beggining
•but- contains four carbon atoms of the chain. Then, the alkene would have slightly different
physical properties. A compound with the same chemical
https://www.youtube.com/wa composition but a different structure is called an isomer.
tch?time_continue=86&v=C
GPyTUrSF2E
ALKENES
 ALKENES
• Can be identified through practical experiments
• Unsaturated molecules (alkenes) react with halogens (bromine), because the double bonds break
open and join with other atoms or molecules.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBMGNzRYngk

The alkane turns brown. No reaction took place. The alkane

remains where it was. ethene + bromine → dibromoethane
The alkene becomes colourless. This indicates the presence C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2
of a double bond that reacts with the bromine. Addiition reaction
 POLYMERS
https://members.gcsepod.com/shared/podcasts/title/9897/61236

• A polymer is a long chain molecule made from many small molecules (monomers) joined together.
• The process of joining them together to make a polymer is called polymerisation.
– Alkenes can be used to make polymers (contain C=C which make them reactive)
• Polymers are sometimes called macromolecules
– Proteins and carbohydrates are examples of naturally-ocurring macromolecules

Poly(ethene) is produced in a polymerisation

reaction – many single units of ethene (a
monomer) react together at a high temperature,
in the presence of a catalyst, to form a very long
hydrocarbon chain (a polymer)
UNIT 5. ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
 LET´S TEST YOUR
https://create.kahoot.it/details/organic-chemistry/918
UNDERSTANDIG 23d72-128c-4e01-8ec6-f03720080c34
ABOUT THE TOPIC!!!
 CLASSWORK

• In pairs answer the Classwork Alkenes and

Alkanes :

– Exercise 10.1 “Families of hydrocarbons”

– Exercise 10.4 “Hydrocarbon and their

reactions”
UNIT 5. ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
FOSSIL FUELS
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

VIDEO
https://www.savemyexams.com/igcse/chemistry/cie/23/revision
-notes/11-organic-chemistry/11-2-organic-families/11-2-1-fossi
l-fuels/
 TEAMWORK
1. Gather in groups of 3, together
open the virtual classroom, read
the information and watch the
videos regarding the classwork:
“Workshop-Fuels-Fractional
Distillation- Cracking.

2. With the information given solve

the guide.
FEEDBACK: FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
FEEDBACK: CRACKING
The process of breaking down large hydrocarbon
molecules into smaller ones by heating them in the
presence of a catalyst.

https://www.savemyexams.com/igcse/chemistry/edexcel/19/revi
sion-notes/4-organic-chemistry/4-2-crude-oil/4-2-4-cracking/
 EXIT PASS
In a piece of paper write 4
complete ideas that summarize
what you have learned through the
unit.
Take into account the learning
objectives and success criteria