Session 11

01/25/2024 1
 LASERS
An Invention in Search of
a Problem

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 Contents
 Introduction
 Characteristics of LASERs
 Components of LASERs
 Types of LASERs
 Applications of LASERs

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 Incandescent vs. Laser Light

1. Many wavelengths 1. Monochromatic

2. Multidirectional 2. Directional
3. Incoherent 3. Coherent
4. Less Intensity 4. High Intensity

The combination of these Four properties makes laser light

focus 100 times better than ordinary light
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 ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM

Lasers can operate in the ultraviolet, visible,

and infrared.
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 Characteristics of LASERS

 Directionality
 Monochromatic
 Coherence
 High Intensity

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 Directionality

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 Monochromatic

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Coherence

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 High Intensity
 Very high intensity
 Since the whole energy is concentrated at a small region.
 1mW He-Ne laser is 100 times more intense than the light
that reaches earth from sun.
 No. of photons per sec per unit area is 1022 to 1034 in laser.
 I=P/λ2

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 Comparison
laser light & Non-Laser Light

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 Energy Level Diagram

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 Interaction of Light with matter

 Absorption
 Spontaneous Emission
 Stimulated Emission
 Population inversion
 Lasing Action

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 Absorption

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 Lifetime and Metastable state
Lifetime:When the atom is in the excited state, it cannot
stay long time because it is always unstable. The excited
atom can stay upto 10-8 sec. This is called lifetime

Metastable state: The excited state which possess longer

lifetimes than 10-8 sec known as meta stable state.

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 Spontaneous Emission

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 Spontaneous Emission

E2

Photon
hv=E2-E1

E1

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 Stimulated Emission

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 Stimulated absorption

Metastable state(10-3sec)
E2
Incident photon
Photon Stimulated photon
Emitted
Photon
coherent

E1

Stimulated photon

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 Stimulated Emission of
Photons in a Metastable State

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 Before After

Absorption

Spontaneous emission

Stimulated emission

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 Session 12

01/25/2024 23
 Population Inversion
• In thermal equilibrium no. of atoms in the ground
state is very much greater than no. of atom in excited
state.(N1 > N2)

• POPULATION INVERSION:
It is the process of making no. atoms in the excited
state greater than the no. of atoms in the lower energy
state. i.e. the population is getting inverted. (N 2 > N1).

• Population inversion is achieved in METASTABLE

STATE (lifetime of the order of 10-3 sec).

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 Pumping
 Optical Pumping

 Electrical Pumping

 Chemical Pumping

 Thermal Pumping

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 Stimulated emission
can lead to a chain reaction and Laser emission

If a medium has many excited molecules, one photon

can become many.
Excited medium

This is the essence of the laser. The factor by which an input

beam is amplified by a medium is called the gain and is
represented by G.
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 Main Components of LASER
 Active Medium or Laser Medium

 The Pumping Source

 Optical Resonator

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 Energy level systems

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 Session 13

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 Types of laser
The Most important types of laser are classified as:

 Solid state laser – Ruby laser, Nd-YAG Laser

 Gas laser – CO2 laser, He-Ne Laser
 Semiconductor laser – GaAs Laser
 Dye laser – Liquid medium – Sodium fluorescene
 Excimer laser – UV laser – ArF laser

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Solid state laser – RUBY Laser

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 Energy level diagram

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 Session 14

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 He-Ne Laser

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 He-Ne Laser

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 Laser Applications

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 LASER
in
Defense

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 LASER in
Blinding
Troops

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 LASER in Ammunitions

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 LASER
in
Missile

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LASER
in
Enforcement
and Scientific
and Tech
Research
43 Department of Physics
 Laser in Fingerprint detection

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 Laser Ablation

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 Laser in Metrology

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 Lasers In Communication

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 Laser In Spectroscopy

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 LIDAR

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 01/25/2024 06:11 PM 5
0

LASER
in
Commercial
and
Entertainment
Department of Physics
 Laser Printer

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 Laser in Barcode Scanners

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 Laser In Holography

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 Laser in
Data Storage

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LASERS in Welding and Cutting of metal

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 Laser in Garment Industry

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Medical Laser Eye
Applications Surgery

Department of Physics

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Laser in
MRI
Scanning

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 Laser in tumors
Detection and Surgery

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 Laser in Tattoo Removal
Tattoo can be removed with variety of lasers
depending on the presence of inks in the tattoo

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 Lasers in Skin Treatment

IR lasers are used to remove extremely thin layer of skin (<0.1 mm). In the
absence of pigment in general, they take advantage of the presence of water in the
skin to provide an ability to remove skin and body tissue.

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 Lasers in hair Removal

selective absorption : absorbing component being

melanin pigment in hair and follicle, it is best worked
with a red light ruby laser. White hair can not be treated
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with any laser due to the lack of absorbing component.
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OPTICAL FIBERS

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 OPTICAL FIBER
• It is a long thin transparent dielectric material ,
which made up of glass or plastic material
• It carries the EM waves (visible to infrared)
form few meters to hundred of Km by means
of Total Internal Reflections.

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Advantages of Optical Fibers in communications

 Enormous Band width

 Small size and Light weight
 Electrical Isolation
 Signal Security
 Low Transmission Loss
 Low Cost
 Immunity to cross talk
 Ruggedness and Flexibility
 Easy maintenance
 Longer Life Time
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IN 1870 John Tyndall demonstrated that light
propagate through optical fiber is similar to
the stream of water at curved surfaces

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OPTICAL FIBER AS A WAVE GUIDE

 In olden days Radio waves and micro waves are used

in communication system
 Band width of above waves are small

 It means data transferred also small

 Light has high band width which carries more data.

Laser is used as carrier signal in optical fiber.
 Hence optical fiber can act as wave guide
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Structure of Optical Fiber
n1>n2
plastic jacket glass or plastic
cladding fiber core

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Principle of Optical Fiber
Total Internal Reflection

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 Critical angle, θc
The minimum angle of incidence at which a light ray
may strike the interface of two media and result in an
angle of refraction of 90° or greater.

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 Acceptance Angle
It is the maximum angle of incidence ,in
which the incident ray under goes into Total
Internal Reflection at core cladding
interface and propagate through the core of
the optical fiber

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 Acceptance cone
Rotating the acceptance angle about the fiber axis

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Measurement of Acceptance Angle

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Measurement of Acceptance Angle

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 NUMERICAL APERTURE
It is defined as light gathering capacity of an
optical fiber. i.e
It is measurement of the amount of light that
can be accepted by the fiber

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NUMERICAL APERTURE

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 Classification of Optical fibers
Optical Fibers

Based on refractive index and modes of

Based on materials
propagation

Glass Fibers
Single Mode Multimode
Glass Core-Plastic Clad
fibers
Graded
Step Index
Plastic Fibers Index

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 Types of Optical Fiber - Materials

Glass Fiber

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 Types of Optical Fiber - Materials
Glass Core-Plastic Clad Fiber

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 Types of Optical Fiber - Materials

Plastic Fibers

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 Types of Optical Fiber
Modes of Propogation
Single Mode & Multimode

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 Types of Optical Fiber
Modes of Propogation
Single Mode & Multimode

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 Types of Optical Fiber
Modes of Propogation
Single Mode & Multimode

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Multi Mode-Step Index Fiber

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Multimode-Graded Index Fiber
Multimode – Step Index Fiber

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 Index Optical Fiber

Zig-zag rays
Skew rays

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 Types of Optical Fibers
• Signal transmitted through fiber is in digital
form .i.e ‘0’ and ‘1’

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 Based on refractive index
1.Step index: 2. Graded Index
index:

n(r)=n(1-2

Core
Core
Cladd Cladd
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 Fiber-optic communication
• is a method of transmitting information from one place
to another by sending light through an optical fiber.
• The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is
modulated to carry information.

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Fiber-optic communication

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Areas of Application
• Telecommunications

• Local Area Networks

• Cable TV

• CCTV

• Optical Fiber Sensors

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Advantages of Optical Fibers in communications

• Enormous Band width

• Small size and Light weight
• Electrical Isolation
• Signal Security
• Low Transmission Loss
• Low Cost
• Immunity to cross talk
• Ruggedness and Flexibility
• Easy maintenance
• Longer Life Time
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 Disadvantages of Optical Fibers in
communications
• Installation and initial cost is high

• The connector and interfacing

between the optical fiber and light
source is cost

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FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
Optical sensor is a transducer which converts any form of signal into
optical signal in the measurable form. Here optical fibers are used as
a guiding media and hence called as wave guides.

 The optical sources used here are LED/Laser.

 The optical signal produced by the optical source and is
transmitted through the transmitting fiber in the modulation zone.
 The optical signals are modulated based on any one of these
properties, viz., Optical intensity, phase, polarization, Wavelength
and spectral distribution.
 These modulated signals with any one of these properties are
received by the receiving / fiber and is sent to the optical detector.
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TYPES OF SENSORS
There are two types of sensors, viz.
(i) Intrinsic sensors or Active sensors
(ii) Extrinsic sensors or Passive sensors
INTRINSIC SENSORS OR ACTIVE SENSORS
In intrinsic sensors or active sensors the physical parameter to be
sensed directly acts on the fiber itself to produce the changes in the
transmission characteristics.
Example:
(i). Temperature / Pressure Sensor (Phase and polarization sensor)
(ii). Liquid level sensor.
EXTRINSIC SENSORS OR PASSIVE SENSORS
In extrinsic sensors or passive sensors, separate sensing element will
be used and the fiber will act as a guiding media to the sensors.
Examples:
Example:
(i). Displacement sensor (ii). Laser Doppler velocimeter sensor
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TEMPERATURE SENSOR (Intrinsic sensors or Active sensors)
Principle
It is based on the principle of interference between the beams emerging out
from the reference fiber and the fiber kept in the measuring environment.
Description
It consists of a Laser source to emit light. A beam splitter, made of glass plate
is inclined at an angle 45 with respect to the direction of the laser beam. Two
fibers viz.,
Reference fiber which is isolated from the environment
Test fiber kept in the environment to be sensed, are placed as shown in the
figure. Separate lens systems are provided to split and to collect the beam.

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Working
1. A monochromatic source of light is emitted from the laser source.
2. The beam splitter kept at an angle 450 inclination divides the beam emerging
from the laser source into two beams (i) main beam and (ii) splitted beam,
exactly at right angles to each other.
3. The main beam passes through the lens L1 and is focused onto the reference
fiber which is isolated from the environment to be sensed.
4. The beam after passing through the reference fiber then falls on the Lens L2.
5. The splitted beam passes through the Lens L3 and is focused onto the test
fiber kept in the environment to be sensed.
6. The splitted beam after passing through the test fiber is made to fall on lens
L2.
7. The two beams after passing through the fibers, produces a path difference
due to change in parameters such as pressure, temperature etc. in the
environment.
8. Therefore a path difference is produced between two beams causing the
interference pattern as shown in the figure.
9. Thus the change in pressure or temperature can be accurately measured with
the help of the interference pattern obtained.
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DISPLACEMENT SENSOR
(EXTRINSIC SENSORS OR PASSIVE SENSORS)

Principle

Light is sent through a transmitting fiber and is made to fall on a moving

target. The reflected light from the target is sensed by a detector. With
respect to intensity of light reflected from its displacement of the target
is measured.

Description
It consists of a bundle of transmitting fibers coupled to the laser source
and a bundle of receiving fibers coupled to the detector as shown in the
figure.
The axis of the transmitting fiber and the receiving fiber with respect to
the moving target can be adjusted to increase the sensitivity of the
sensor.
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Working
Light from the source is transmitted through the transmitting fiber
and is made to fall on the moving target. The light reflected from
the target is made to pass through the receiving fiber and the same
is detected by the detector. Based on the intensity of the light
received, the displacement of the target can be measured, (i.e.) if
the received intensity is more than we can say that the target is
moving towards the sensor and if the intensity is less, we can say
that the target is moving away from the sensor.

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 Medical applications

• Gastroscope: to examine the stomach

(Tumours,ulcers)
• Branchoscope: used to see upper passages
Lungs
• Orthoscope: Small spaces within the joints

• Couldoscope: To test the female pelvic organs

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