UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PROPOSAL

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON
GAS FRACTIONATION“
BY
AYO AJAYI,
(MATRIC NO.)
SUPERVISED BY
(SUPERVISOR)

D E PA R T M E N T O F CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING

COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

 OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION/ BACKGROUND OF STUDY

PROBLEM STATEMENT
AIMS & OBJECTIVES
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
LITERATURE REVIEW
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHALLENGES
REFERENCE
CONCLUSION

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

INTRODUCTION
When we talk about An “Gas fractionation”, we must first understand the term fractionation.

Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (gas, solid, liquid,

enzymes, suspension, or isotope) is divided during a phase transition, into a number of smaller

quantities (fractions) in which the composition varies according to a gradient.

Now, when we talk about Gas fractionation, it is a process or unit operation in Gas
processing that involves further separation of the Natural Gas Liquids removed from
Natural Gas for further processing. Gas Fractionation is based on the different boiling
points of different hydrocarbons in the Natural Gas stream.

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

INTRODUCTION…*Continuation
Natural gas is typically comprised of about 10% to 40% propane and butane. Other components of Natural Gas
are the Condensates.

Gas Fractionation is therefore used in recovery of vital energy sources for domestic and commercial usage.

It is used in recovery of Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Natural Gas liquids otherwise known as condensate.

Gas fractionation module includes the total production of ethane, propane, butane, and pentanes (C5+)

products.

Gas Fractionation equipment include the Deethanizer which separates ethane from the Natural Gas Liquids,

the depropanizer which separates the propane and the debutanizer which separates the butanes, leaving the

pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons in the Natural Gas Liquids.

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Natural in its raw form from Gas reservoirs cannot be of service to end users. For Natural Gas to be usable to

end users it must go through different processing stages, otherwise known as unit operations.

Usable forms of Natural Gas to end users are in the form of dry methane for power (electricity generation),

Propane (Fuels for gas generators) and LPG (combination of propane and butane used for cooking).

Particular focus has shifted to LPG recovery with the recent upsurge in its demand following the Federal

Government’s effort in discouraging usage of kerosene fuels for cooking and promotion of LPG in the place of

kerosene.

Gas processing (fractionation) to recover LPG from Natural Gas is key to meeting high demand by end users,

hence the need to device efficient methods to high volume yields.

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The Gas Industry in recent times has been faced with inability to meet up with her obligations in
providing adequate LPG and Propane to cater for the high demand from end users both locally and
internationally.

The major underlying factor could be attributed to the sensitivity of the recovery process to ambient
conditions and different operating regimes. A lot of the needed LPG and propane components are lost if
the process is not operated within the right regime. It has therefore become pertinent that sensitivity
studies be carried out to maximize yields in LPG and propane recovery.

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

 AIMS & OBJECTIVES
To build an online polling system that would enable voters to cast their votes not more
than
once for their chosen candidates
Creating a secure authentication facility to check & validate users logging into the voting
system.

Create a database to be used to stored votes, and user information on the system.
Enable the system to tally votes cast according to candidate voted for.
Display voting results in a graphical fashion for the administrator to analyze.

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Online Polling System will require being very precise or cost cutting to provide an
effective
election management number of Staff during the election.
Require less number of Staff
The system is a lot easier to independently moderate the elections and subsequently
reinforce its transparency and fairness.
Less Capital
Less effort
Less labour intensive, as the primary cost will focus primarily on creating, managing and
running a secure online polling system.
Increased number of voters as the individual will find it easier and more convenient to vote.

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

LITERATURE REVIEW
Currently in Nigeria, elections are done in the traditional way whereby we make use of ballot
papers although there have been some electronic introductions such as the PVC (Permanent
Voters Card) and the PVC Card Reader & even with this the election process is still not efficient
enough due to the fact that most of the card readers failed in some parts of the country because
of power or network issues.

This clearly states that the current electoral methodology is not reliable enough and there is
indeed the need for a new approach.

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

LITERATURE REVIEW
EVALUATION OF POLLING EQUIPMENTS

Paper-based voting:- The voter gets a blank ballot and use a pen or a marker to indicate he
want to vote for which candidate. Hand-counted ballots is a time and labor consuming process,
but it is easy to manufacture paper ballots and the ballots can be retained for verifying, this type
is still the most common way to vote.
Lever voting machine:- Lever machine is peculiar equipment, and each lever is assigned for a
corresponding candidate. The voter pulls the lever to poll for his favorite candidate. This kind of
voting machine can count up the ballots automatically. Because its interface is not user-friendly
enough, giving some training to voters is necessary.
Direct recording electronic voting machine:- This type, which is abbreviated to DRE, integrates
with keyboard, touchscreen, or buttons for the voter press to poll. Some of them lay in voting
records and counting the votes is very quickly. But the other DRE without keeping voting records
are doubted about its accuracy
12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO
LITERATURE REVIEW *Continuation
Punch Card:- The voter uses metallic hole-punch to punch a hole on the blank ballot. It
can
count votes automatically, but if the voter’s perforation is incomplete, the result is probably
determined wrongfully.
Optical voting machine:- After each voter fills a circle correspond to their favorite
candidate on the blank ballot, this machine selects the darkest mark on each ballot for the
vote then computes the total result. This kind of machine counts up ballots rapidly.
However, if the voter fills over the circle, it will lead to the error result of optical-scan.

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This web based Online Polling System is designed as an online information System to offer users a
convenient access to voters register. Several tools used during Implementation include the
following:

The waterfall methodology was chosen as the most appropriate development method to use
for this particular project, this consists of several phases which are namely:
REQUIREMENT’S ANALYSIS
SYSTEM DESIGN
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING

DEPLOYMENT
MAINTENANCE

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
*Requirements
SOFTWARE

SQL DB
MICROSOFT VISUAL
STUDIO
ASP.NET
C#
WEB BROWSERS
TESTING
REPORTING TOOL

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

 CHALLENGES
The challenges of this project depend on the scope of the project itself.

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

REFERENCE
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionation

2. fractionation of NGL to produce LPG by NTNU

3. Frames Gas Treatment

Electronic Voting System by Afolabi B. OluwaGbenga (2014) www.Slideshare.net

2. Secure Online Voting System by Michael Chinwuba (Oct 21, 2009) www.Scribd.net
3. Nigeria 2015: analysis of election issues and future prospects by Jon Lunn & Daniel Harari
(19
January, 2015)

4. Challenges of ICT and Election Management in rural areas in Nigeria by ADELEKE, Israel
Adewale, (adeleke_israel@yahoo.com) 07062229188 Department of Computer Science,
Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo.
5. Project Report on Online Voting by Nandasaba Wilson (July 28, 2012) www.Slideshare.net
12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO
REFERENCE
1. Electronic Voting System by Afolabi B. OluwaGbenga (2014) www.Slideshare.net

2. Secure Online Voting System by Michael Chinwuba (Oct 21, 2009) www.Scribd.net
3. Nigeria 2015: analysis of election issues and future prospects by Jon Lunn & Daniel Harari
(19
January, 2015)

4. Challenges of ICT and Election Management in rural areas in Nigeria by ADELEKE, Israel
Adewale, (adeleke_israel@yahoo.com) 07062229188 Department of Computer Science,
Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo.
5. Project Report on Online Voting by Nandasaba Wilson (July 28, 2012) www.Slideshare.net

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

CONCLUSION
This project offers the voters opportunity to cast easily through the internet, Vote counting is
also made easy since it is only a matter of querying the database. Developing a good method is
critical to the success of the system to prevent system failures and to gain wide acceptance as
the best method available.

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO

THANK YOU…..

12/17/2015 AJAYI CROWTHER UNIVERSITY, OYO