CLONING

 The word cloning originated from the Greek and

means sprout or branch.
 In genetics, to clone an organism is to make an
exact copy of its DNA.
Cloning is commonly done on small organisms,
 mostly plants, and on animals, such as the
famous sheep called Dolly .
 CLONING…
Also known as molecular cloning, gene
cloning and recombinant DNA
technology
Cloning is the process of producing a

strain of DNA and then inserting that

DNA into a host where it will replicate.
 The replicated DNA is called a clone.

 Cloning as a technique has many uses.


 CLONING…

For example, it can be used to replicate rare

hormones and proteins such as insulin and
interferon that have much medical usage.
 Recently cloning has been taken to far a far

 greater extent.

Whole organisms have been reproduced from

DNA taken from other bodies

 THE BASIC STEPS IN A GENE CLONING

 1. A fragment of DNA, containing the gene to be cloned,

is inserted into a circular DNA molecule called a
vector to produce recombinant DNA molecule
2. The vector transports the gene into the host cell, which
is usually a bacterium, although other types of living
cells can be used
3. With in the host cell the vector multiplies, producing
numerous identical copies not only of itself but also of
the gene that it carries
 THE BASIC STEPS …

 4. when the host cell divides, copies of the recombinant

DNA molecule are passed to the progeny and further
vector replication takes place
5. After a large number of cell divisions, a colony, or
clone of identical host cells is produced. Each cell in
the clone contains one or more copies of the
recombinant DNA molecule; the gene carried by the
recombinant molecule is now said to be cloned
 TYPES OF CLONING

1. Therapeutic cloning
Therapeutic cloning (embryo cloning ) is the
production of human embryos for research
purposes.
They are used to harvest stem cells that are used
 in human development research and potentially
in the treatment of many diseases.
 TYPES…

2. Reproductive cloning
 Reproductive cloning is used to create an animal that has
the same DNA as another animal.
 The famous Dolly the sheep was the first animal created
by reproductive cloning.
 TYPES….

3. Recombinant DNA
Is a form of artificial DNA that is created by
combining two or more sequences that would not
normally occur together through the process of
gene splicing.
In terms of genetic modification, it is created
 through the introduction of relevant DNA into
 an existing
 organismal DNA, such as the plasmids of
bacteria
 TYPES…

4. DNA Cloning
Transfer of a DNA fragment of interest from one
organism to a self-replicating genetic element
such as a bacterial plasmid.
Plasmids self-replicating extra-chromosomal
circular DNA molecules, distinct from normal
bacterial genome
 USE OF DNA CLONING :

It uses for Gene therapy ,Genetic engineering of

organisms ,and Genome sequencing.
 It is also is helpful in getting an insight into an
organism's genetic make-up and how this affects
and influences the organism's life processes.
 USE…

 is a solution for infertile couples, even allowing

the couples to create a child with certain
features.
 The production of organs:-
It is possible to harvest embryonic stem cells and
 therefore it would be possible to grow organs or
 tissues
 USE..

 is being used in genetic finger-printing; in genetic

engineering to create plants with better
nutritional value, or better resistance to
diseases and animals with desirable genetic
features.
is being used to develop new treatments for
genetic- related disorders.
 USE…

 The improvement of reconstructive and cosmetic

surgery.
Cloning can be used to cure currently uncurable
 diseases .
 CLONING…
INSULIN

Insulin is a protein hormone produced in the

pancreas that the body uses to regulate
blood sugar concentrations.
 Diabetics have lost the ability to produce

 insulin and must have an outside source of

 it.
 INSULIN…

In the 1920s, insulin from cows and pigs was

isolated and made available to humans with
diabetes. (Though it is not identical to
human insulin.)
Supply was a major concern since the number

 of diabetics was on the rise.

 Cloning insulin became an ideal usage for

 recombinant DNA technology.


THE MANUFACTURE OF INSULIN BY CLONING

In 1978, Herbert Boyer and colleagues at the

University of California in San Francisco
created a synthetic version of human insulin
using recombinant DNA technology.

 THE MANUFACTURING OF…

The DNA sequence representing the instructions

on growing insulin was separated and then
inserted into the bacterium E. coli.
 The E. coli then produced prodigious amounts of
 human insulin
THE MANUFACTURE OF INSULIN BY CLONING
 CLONING WHOLE ANIMALS

 In 1997, the sheep “Dolly” was cloned

from an adult sheep.
Dolly is an exact replica of its “mother”
– the animal from which the cell was
taken
 CLONING WHOLE ANIMALS


 DISADVANTAGE OF CLONING

 Losing gene diversity is the main disadvantages of

cloning.
 If gene diversity is lost due to excessive cloning,
 there are no mutations to allow some of the
cloned group to survive a newly introduced
disease .
 DISADVANTAGE…

 The other disadvantages of cloning is that there

are a lot of ethical considerations that would
cause most people to protest.
 One of these ethical concerns is that cloning is
 unnatural, and considered “playing God.”
 Another concern is the treatment of clones.
 STEM CELLS

 Most cells in the body of an adult animal

are specialized cells, which have the
capacity only to reproduce themselves.
 Cells that have the ability to divide and
give rise to different kinds of specialized
cells are called stem cells
 STEM CELLS

 At conception, the fertilized egg is a stem cell capable

of dividing and becoming every different kind of cell in
the adult body.
 They are “Totipotent.”
In humans, the cells that are produced in the first four
days or so after conception are all totipotent stems.
 At later embryonic stages and even in the grown adult,
there are stem cells with limited potential to grow into
different kinds of cells. These are called “Pluripotent.”
STEM CELLS, 2

 The medical potential of stem cells, both the totipotent and

pluripotent is enormous.
If stem cells can be isolated, cultured, and then grafted into
patients, many degenerative diseases could possibly be
reversed.
 Cells generated from a patient’s own stem cells, for
 example, would not be rejected by the body the way that
 the cells of donor organs often are.
Stem cells could be used to regenerate brain and nerve
cells, possibly heart muscle, and many other possible
uses.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

There are ethical issues all the way along in biotechnology because
human beings are capable of manipulating life as never before.
 Stem cell research raises the issue of where life begins and whether
cells from a human embryo should be used for another human’s
benefit.
 Present stem cell work concentrates on making regenerative cells
 for the cure of diseases.
 But the possibility of cloning whole human beings has to be
considered.
 Dolly was cloned from a stem cell