METALLURGY

- is the science that deals with the internal

structure of metals.

THREE SPECIFIC AREAS

1. extractive
2. physical
3. manufacturing

Metal Production begins with

- Iron Ore
- Bauxite Ore
METAL
- a material consisting one or more chemical elements
having crystalline structure.

STRUTURE OF METALS AND ALLOYS

- The property of metals can be explained in terms of the

manner in which the atom of a metal are bonded together,
this bond is called “metallic
bond”.

METALLIC BONDING – is the attraction between electron

and the metallic nuclei within the metals.
- The metallic bond accounts for many physical
characteristics of metals.

Strength
malleability
ductility
conduction of heat & electricity

- The metallic bond is non-specific, which explain why

different metals can be alloyed or joined to another.
CRYSTALLINE STUCTURE
-the mechanical properties of metal derived from their
crystalline structure.

-atom in solid state of a metal are arrange in definite three

dimensional geometric pattern to form crystal or grain of the metal.

-the network formed by joining the centers of the atoms in

crystal is called a “crystal lattice” of the metal.
UNIT CELL
- a smallest volume in a space lattice which properly represent the
position of atoms which respect to each other is known as the “unit
cells”.

THREE MOST COMMON TYPES OF UNIT CELLS

- Body-centered cubic (BCC)
- Face-centered cubic (FCC)
- Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)
 BCC

a
a
GRAINS AND GRAIN BOUNDARY

 When metal is cooled from liquid to solid state,

certain atoms will be attracted to each other to
form a unit cell ahead of others. This unit cell
becomes the nucleus of crystal formation.

 As cooling continues, other atoms will take up

their positions alongside this nucleus and the grain
(crystal) will grow in size.
 FCC

a
a
GRAINS AND BOUNDARY

 This orderly growth of the grain continues in all

directions until it runs into interface from other
grains.

 Grain boundaries are formed when two grains of

different axes meet. They are interruptions in the
orderly arrangement of the space lattices and offer
resistance to deformation of the metal.
HCP

a
GRAINS AND GRAIN BOUNDARY

 A fine-grained metal with large number of

interruptions, will be harder and stronger than a
course-grained metal of the same composition and
condition.
 CLASSIFICATION OF METALS

Ferrous metal – a metal with iron as major

alloying element and magnetic.

Non-ferrous metal – a pure metal, does not

contain iron ( or contains an extremely small
amount of iron), no magnetic, and has
distinctive color differences, relatively soft
and has lower melting temperature.
METAL IDENTIFICATION

Color test
Spark test
Chemical test
File test
Torch test
Chip test
Fracture test
 PROPERTIES OF METAL

Mechanical properties
– Ex. Elastic limit, elongation, hardness, etc…
Physical properties
– Ex. Density, thermal expansion, melting point, etc..
Chemical properties
– Ex. Corrosion, oxidation and reduction
 STANDARD METAL SHAPES

H BEAMS CHANNELS ANGLES

SQUARE
STANDARD
SCHEDULE 40 RECTANGULAR

PLATE