EXERCISED AND

CANCER
According to the Cancer remains a
World Health major public health
Organization (WHO), concern.
cancer is the second
leading cause of death Cancer is a complex and diverse group
globally, accounting of diseases that can affect any part of
for an estimated 9.6 the body. It is characterized by the
million deaths in 2018 abnormal growth and division of cells
alone. that can invade nearby tissues and
spread to other parts of the body
through the bloodstream or lymphatic
system
Cancer is a complex and diverse group of diseases that can
affect any part of the body. It is characterized by the
abnormal growth and division of cells that can invade nearby
tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the
bloodstream or lymphatic system
Cancer remains a major public health concern.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer
is the second leading cause of death globally, accounting for
an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018 alone.
TYPES OF CANCER
We can also group cancer according to the type of cell they start in:
• Carcinoma – this cancer begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal
organs.
• Sarcoma – this cancer begins in the connective or supportive tissues such as bone,
cartilage, fat, muscle or blood vessels.
• Leukemia – this is cancer of the white blood cells.
• Myeloma- these originate in the plasma cells of bone marrow.
• Lymphoma– these are cancers of the lymphatic system.

• Mixed types – these have two or more components of the cancer.

CLASSIFICATION BY STAGE
• Stage 0: This stage describes cancer in situ. In situ means "in place." Stage 0 cancers are
still located in the place they started.
• Stage I: The cancer is localized to a small area and hasn’t spread to lymph nodes or other
tissues.
• Stage II: The cancer has grown, but it hasn’t spread.
• Stage III: The cancer has grown larger and has possibly spread to lymph nodes or other
tissues.
• Stage IV: The cancer has spread to other organs or areas of your body. This stage is also
referred to as metastatic or advanced cancer.
OTHER CLASSIFICATION
• Classification by site of origin
• Classification by tissue types
• Classification by grade
 Grade 1 – well differentiated cells with slight abnormality

 Grade 2 – cells are moderately differentiated and slightly more abnormal

 Grade 3 – cells are poorly differentiated and very abnormal

 Grade 4 – cells are immature and primitive and undifferentiated

HOW TO ASSESS
1. Medical History
2. Physical Examination
3. Imaging Tests
4. Laboratory Tests
5. Biopsy
6. Staging
7. Molecular Testing
HOW TO ASSESS EFFECTS
1. Study design
2. Participant recruitment
3. Exersice intervention
4. Control group
5. Outcome measures
6. Data collection and analysis
7. Publication and review
EXERCISE INDICATION FOR CANCER

• Cancer patients who have completed treatment and are in

remission can generally start exercising as soon as they feel able
to do so.
• Patients who are currently undergoing cancer treatment should
consult with their healthcare provider before starting an exercise
program, as some types of exercise may be contraindicated.
• Patients who are experiencing cancer-related fatigue can benefit from
low-to-moderate intensity aerobic exercise, such as walking or cycling.
• Patients who have undergone surgery may need to modify their exercise
program to avoid putting stress on the affected area. Physical therapy
may also be recommended.
• Patients with advanced cancer may benefit from low-to-moderate
intensity exercise to help maintain physical function and quality of life.
CANCER CONTRAINDICATIONS
FOR EXERCISE
1. Acute Symptoms
2. Low blood counts
3. Uncontrolled Pain
4. Advanced Cancer and some forms of cancer
5. Cardiac or Pulmonary Problems
6. Peripheral Neuropathy
7. After certain types of surgery
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
1. Consult with health care professionals
2. Start Slowly
3. Choose appropriate exercises
4. Stay hydrated
5. Listen to the body
6. Avoid exercise during treatment
7. Exercise in safe environment
8. Avoid public places
9. Don’t be alone during exercise
EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION
• The American Cancer Society has a Nutrition and Physical Activity
Guideline for Cancer Survivors. These general Guidelines call for cancer
survivors to:
 Build up to 150-300 minutes of moderate (or 75-150 minutes of vigorous intensity)
activity each week.
 Exercise several times a week for at least 10 minutes at a time.
 Include resistance training exercise at least 2 days per week
 Do stretching exercises at least 2 days each week.
• The UK government and the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) have
suggestions to help prevent cancer and other conditions. They say that all adults
should try to do at least one of the following ways of exercising:
 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity per week; for example, 30 minutes 5 times per week
 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week

•All adults should also try and build strength twice a week; for example, weight
training or yoga.

•Other recommendations on the cancer related health outcome can be found on

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8576825/table/T2/?report=objectonly