STADIUM

A N INTODUCTION
A stadium is a place or venue for outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists 776 BC E
Stadion First athletic games in honour of Zeus
of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure
Or known as stade was an ancient running are held at Olympia with the stadion foot
designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
event, part of the Ancient O lympic G ames. race.
Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for association
The first Greek stadiums were long and 700 BCE
football. Other popular stadium sports include gridiron football, baseball, cricket,
narrow
rugby, and bullfighting. Many large sports venues are also used for concerts.
Ancient O lympia , G reeks built broad hippodrome stadiums
G reece
to accommodate horse chariot races
Horse-shoe Style Stadium
The construction for Geek stadiums took one 500 CE
of two paths: cut out of a hillside or Stadium at Delphi, Greece with 6500
constructed on flat ground. Building into the seating capacity. Was originally a temple
hillside provided natural seating along the complex
banks with good sightlines. Ancient O lympia , 600 BCE
G reece
Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, London Al-Madina Stadium, C ircus Maximus, hippodromes. First &
Baghdad largest stadium in ancient Rome
Hippodrome S tadium 1,50,000 seating
ETYMOLOGY The Greeks built hippodrome stadiums similar 330 BC E
"Stadium" is from Latin-Greek word "stadion", a measure of length equalling in layout but broad enough to accommodate New stadium constructed at Nemea ,
the length of 600 human feet. 1 stadion approximately = 600 ft (180 m) four-horse chariot races, a feature of the Greece which is origianlly a stadion for
The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length – about 185 m (607 ft) Olympic Games as early as the 7th century running
The English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Hippodrome of Domitian - Rome BCE. 70 C E
Roman
E V Otrack
L UofTsuch
I Olength.
N O F S T A D IU M - TY P ES & G iant amphitheatre - The Colosseum, Ro
SHAPES me Amphitheater with 50,000 capacity.
Embracing the horseshoe: A look through centuries of stadium design. The Greeks Circus
were The construction for Geek stadiums took one 80 C E
the reason for the horseshoe-styled stadium and the Romans for all those high- of two paths: cut out of a hillside or Stadium of Domitian, Rome, Italy with
rising seats style constructed on flat ground. Building into the 20,000 seating capacity
hillside provided natural seating along the
banks with good sightlines. Circus Maximas, Rome
100 C E
sTADION AMPHITHEATRE Aphrodisias stadium with seating has
capacity for 30,000. Considerably larger
Amphitheatre and structurally more extensive
Oval or round in plan and was completely
HORsEsHOE-sTYLED enclosed on all sides. Intended for gladiatorial
sTADIUM
O LY M P I C s TA D I U M
contests, designed to afford maximum
118 C E
seating capacity and optimum visual facility The Stadium of Philippopolis, Bulgaria.
for spectators. largest & preserved buildings from the time
C oloss eum, Rome
HIPPODROME of the Roman Empire. 30,000 seating
M O D E R N sTADIUM
sTADIUMs capacity

Olympic 144 C E
S tadium
The Olympics provided a major focal point for
CIRCUS D O M E D sTADIUM The Panathenaic Stadium, Athens,
the development of the modern stadium G reece built entirely of marble.
concept. In each period since the first modern
Olympiad, the host country has usually 1787 C E
erected a permanent stadium to mark the Panathenaic Stadium, Greece
Lord's Cricket Ground, London. Owned
event. by MC C . 31,100 seating capacity
S TA D I U M S IN THE 5 T H - 19TH C E N T U RY
M odern S tadium
1892 C E
As history runs its course, different activities are emphasized by society. While the The stands were partly roofed, and the Goodison Park, Liverpool, UK. First
ancient Greeks and Romans put theater, sports, and combat at the center of their stadium seated more than 50,000 people. soccer specific venue with capacity of
everyday lives, this slowly faded out. American football inspired a new type of 39,572
stadium design.
Centuries of suspension - 5th to the 15th century, religion became the focus of Rose Bowl Stadium, US 1895 C E
everyone's lives. Christianity swept throughout Europe and all societal emphasis Franklin Field, Philadelphia, U.S. the
turned to the church. Daily life activities were centered on the church and all oldest stadium still operating for
Domed S tadium
architectural work went towards building new churches. A notable pioneer in trend was triple-tiered 1896 games.
football CE
Stadiums. The shapes varied widely according First modern Olympiad, Athens. Since then
In 394, emperor Theodosius abolished the Olympic Games, they were regarded as to the variety of uses. Material has made the host country erected a permanent
a pagan rite. This affected the development of sports facilities, no new stadium or possible the construction of daring new stadium to mark the event.
amphitheater would be built for fifteen centuries. designs. Ak Bars Arena, Russia
1908 C E
During the Renaissance, a period spanning the 14th to the 17th century, The IV Olympiad- Shepherd’s Bush, London
participation in sports was restored. Running and equestrian events were Futuristic S tadium . 50,000 seating capacity
reintroduced and held in open fields or town squares. No permanent structures More iconic the designs, bold motifs and the
were constructed. form more subtle and organic. Enclosed 1922 C E
stadium and greater capacities have led Rose Bowl stadium California, U.S. Site of
Stadium Revival- Sports and the stadium as a building experienced huge growth in toward the search for improved materials and the annual college gridiron football game
the 19th century after the industrial revolution. Sport games became properly Lusail Stadium, Qatar construction techniques.
defined and different clubs and federations were developed. 1952 C E
Helsinki Olympic Stadium, Finland - Su
SINCE 20TH CENTURY THE 21TH C E N T U RY M A R V E L mmer Olympics.

The European and Mediterranean regions, main sport was football (soccer), or The 80,000-seat Lusail Stadium will embody Qatar's ambition and its passion
other organised team sports. These sports increased in popularity, which led to the for sharing Arab culture with the world. It is here that the FIFA World Cup
1992 C E
The Oriole Park is a baseball stadium in
need for construction of new stadium Qatar 2022 final will be staged, with billions around the globe watching on.
Baltimore, Maryland. It is the home fiel
d of Major League Baseball's Baltimore
Gen I Stadium - focus on high spectator numbers with little regard for The design of this magnificent stadium is inspired by the interplay of light
Orioles
actual comfort and experience of the spectators. Eg. White City Stadium, London and shadow that characterises the fanar lantern. Its shape and façade
echo the intricate decorative motifs on bowls, vessels and other art pieces
2001 C E
Gen II Stadium - With the invention of television, sporting events telecasted to found across the Arab and Islamic world during the rise of civilisation in Miller ParkBaseball stadium, Wisconsin, U.S.
millions around the world. This meant that spectators no longer needed to travel to the region. only fan-shaped convertible roof in
a stadium to view It led to improvements in facilities such as toilets as well as the Located 15km north of central Doha, Lusail is a pioneer among cities. Every America.
inclusion of food and beverage facilities. Eg. Stamford Bridge, London aspect of its planning, from its tram system and sustainability-focused 2013 C E
arena, concentrates on human needs and environmental conservation. Ak Bars Arena, Kazan, Russia. has the
Gen III Stadium - A series of fires in stadiums utilising wooden stands, sparked largest outside screen in the world. Its
calls for increased safety for patrons. Developed with a distinct focus on safety Once the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 is over, Lusail Stadium will be capacity is around 45,379.
and family-friendly environments. Eg. Heysel Stadium disaster in Belgium in 1985 transformed into a community space including schools, shops, cafés, sporting
facilities and health clinics. This multi-purpose community hub will allow 2017 C E
Gen IV Stadium - focused on the multiple uses of stadiums and the flexibility to people to find everything they need under one roof – the original roof of the Narendra Modi Stadium, Ahmedabad, India
host a variety of events year round to increase revenue. Features a retractable football stadium. . The largest stadium in the world, with a
roof, a wide array of amenities. Eg. Docklands Stadium in Melbourne, Australia seating capacity of 132,000 spectators.

Gen V Stadium - focus on unique ideas and designs for stadium of the city to aid 2022 C E
in urban renewal of the area. Some of the world’s newest stadium are entire Lusail Stadium, Lusail, Q atar. With capa
sporting and entertainment precincts. They tend to draw tourism and nightlife. city 80,000 seats. The stadium will host
Eg. Emirates Stadium in London, England the final game of the 2022 FIFA World
C up.
EVOLUTION OF STADIUM STRUCTURES
The first stadiums were cut into the side of a hill,
Thebes, Epidaurus and at Olympia, the site of the
Olympic Games, which began there in the 8th
century BC E.
I Olympics @Olympia
Hippodrom was dug into a hillside and the
e material used to
excavated
embankment for supportingconstruct
seats on theanopposite
side. Shape was oblong, with one end semicircular
and the other square; it thus resembled a U with a
Hippodrome
closed top.
Colosseum is a freestanding structure of stone and
concrete, using a complex system of barrel vaults
and groin vaults and measuring 620 by 513 feet
C oloss eum overall.
White City Stadium hosted the first modern
olympics in 1908 built in only 10 months using
structure steel.
White C ity
S ta dium
A basic difficulty of the roofed stadium was the
interference with visibility by the columns supporting
the roof. Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles was the
first tiered stadium to provide column-free views
Dodg er S ta dium from all seats in 1959.
Astrodome, built in 1965 in Houston, Texas; this was
the first major fully roofed stadium. Transparent
plastic panels supported by a steel lattice. It
featured the "Astrolite", the first animated
Astrodome
scoreboard.
ELEMENTS OF
STADIUM
Metrodome, built in 1982, Minneapolis–St. Paul,
Pitch - Playing Area. Dimensions are defined by
Minnesota. Flexible steel cables for span large roof
standards of sports organisation. Eg. footbal -
dimensions. Cables contributed to speed of
FIFA
construction, to lightness of roof, and to economy of
Spectators area - Grandstands and Seating
M etrodome construction cost in covered stadiums.
Envelope - Roof, Covering Membrane, Facade
designed to ensure protection from weather
Oita Bank Dome indoor stadium, Japan, 2002, the and noise
retractable roof driven by a wire traction system Access and Parking - below stadium or close to
offers year-round usage for sporting events. it
Hospitality - VIP Lounge, Reception,
other commercial spaces, press and media
Sustainability - FIFA Green Goal Programme,
Signal Iduna Park, Germany, 2006 composed of
reduce water consumption, waste generation,
four roofed grandstands. The yellow pylons that
create energy efficient systems, water and
give the its characteristic exterior. South terrace
stadium waste disposal management systems.
which is called “The Yellow Wall” is the biggest
S ig na l Iduna standing terrace in Europe.
Pa rk
Vertical piling s are drilled into
the ground to support
Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, Port Elizabeth, South superstructure, transferring the
Africa built in 2010. The primary structure is made of building load into the surface of
concrete while the roof skeleton is in steel. The the earth.
geometry of the roof is shape of leaves unfolding - After the foundations of a stadium
Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium space frame tubular truss. are laid, the structural frame of
the stadium must be erected to
49ers Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, United States, support the grandstand terraces.
2014. The most innovative and technologically
These are typically arranged using steel products -
advanced stadiums in the NFL today. A hybrid design-
structural beams, columns, and reinforcing
build model with expandable outdoor entertainment
mesh.
49ers Levi's venue.
S ta dium
Final aspect of a stadium’s design
The SoFi Stadium the most advanced, high-tech
is roof or canopy. Conventional -
stadium and World’s First Indoor-Outdoor Stadium.
king
Newly, truss and cantilevered
ETFE
stadium’s ETFE roof, a translucent plastic shades the
designs.
guests from about half of the sun’s heat. The roof also
features operable panels that can open and close. Membrane -
S ofi S ta dium
Has samsung's Infinity display. and assemblingcomposite
methods.3D Tridimensional
structure.
TrussesStructures
Mesh beams are arewidely used due to fabrication
also used.

STRUCTURAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR STADIUM ROOFS

A post and beam style A cantilever style roofing Cable supported structure M embrane
roofing structure structure structures
JAMSIL SPORTS URBAN REGENERATION OF THE JAMSIL SPORTS N ZONING - RELOC ATION &
C ONS TRUC TION
COMPLEX
MICE COMPLEX
SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA

Build large-scale exhibition and convention Establish a plan to utilize the surrounding area
facilities, and expand related infrastructure - and waterside areas (513,447 ㎡ ) by
commercial and cultural facilities moving roads underground.

Main Stadium: Preserve the circular stadium a Baseball Park: Build in a location offering views
symbolism of the 1988 Olympics, and modernize of the Hangang River, design for optimal game-
the stadium for international games. viewing experiences.
Make tourist attractions by building facilities for leisure and
No.25 Olympic-ro, Songpa-gu, Seoul, rest at the center of the city, including places to walk and
South Korea ecological bases
Jamsil Sports MICE Complex Moving roads underground: Move Olympic-daero,
Designed by global architecture firm Populous, the Tancheondong-ro, and Tancheonseo-ro underground in
Jamsil Sports MICE Complex is set to become a order to integrate and use the waterside areas.
world-destination.
leading cultural & sports The new The waterside areas: The waterside areas around the
Complex will cover an area of 334,605sq.m, Build accommodations such as luxury business Sports Complex: Transform into a complex for Hangang River can be used for a multi-purpose
containing exhibition convention facilities, luxury hotels and youth hostels, and establish for-profit sports and culture, with concert and location featuring performances, picnicking, and
hotels facilities (190,000 ㎡ ) differentiated from entertainment facilities. featuring an indoor camping.
local commercial areas. gymnasium, swimming pool, and concert hall Pedestrian walkways: Build pedestrian
and sports facilities.
walkways encompassing COEX, Hyundai Motors
Typology - Arenas, Ballparks, Mixed-use Venues, GBC, Tancheon Stream, Jamsil Sports Complex, and
Stadiums the Hangang River Build a symbolic Tancheon
Sporting Activities - Baseball, Conferences & Walkway that integrates buildings into a bridge, and
Expos, Esports, Events, Swimming, Football use it as a base for cultural tourism.
Project - Regeneration of Seoul 1988 Olympics Ecological bases: Preserve and nurture the channel
site. junction of the Hangang River and Tancheon Stream,
Initiation - 2023 where various ecosystems exist, as an ecological base.
Architect - Populous was selected by the Seoul
Metropolitan Government
Site Area - 35-hectars
Facilities - Main Stadium, Auxiliary Stadium,
Sports Complex, Baseball Park, Exhibition and
Convention centre, luxury hotel, athletes
accommodatio
n Sustainable development -
certification: LEED-ND
Leadership
environmental Design in
Neighborhood
Development Energy and
SEOUL O LY M P I C S TA D IU M Undulating Park
The main architecural feature of the stadium is
JAMSIL SPORTS How 1988 Olympics shaped the undulating roof and the curve of the upper
COMPLEX SEOUL, SOUTH Korea's architecture and design? course. The entire concourse is a G arden
Olympic Effect: Korean Architecture and Design from concept.
KOREA
1980s to 1990s. The era of compressed growth, public The extra grandstands re to be removed and
investment was concentrated on new development replaced by Garden vomitories where both
projects, mainly in Jamsil and Gangnam. It was a inside of the stadium and outside Han river can
catalyst for urban change, gave a development to be viewed.
South Korea's relations with Eastern Europe, the Soviet
Union and with C hina. Massing
The main stadium is an architectural heritage
with
morphological simplicity and completeness.
However the form is hidden behind ramps, decks
and trees.
Seoul Olympic Stadium
Is a multi-purpose stadium in Seoul, South Korea. It is The original form of the stadium is to revealed
the main stadium built for the 1988 Summer Olympics through 30m wide nail to strengthen the historical
and the 10th Asian Games in 1986. It is the value.
centrepiece of the Seoul Sports Complex in the
Songpa District, in the southeast of the city south of SITE TA N CH EON
N
STREAM
the Han River PLAN
Location - Songpa-gu, Seoul, South
O L Y M
Korea Typology - Multi purpose Stadium H IG H
P IC D
W A Y
A E R O

Capacity - 69,950
Field size - 110 x 75m
SITE
M IX E D U S E
AREA
Project - Regeneration of Seoul 1988 Olympics ADJACENCIES
JAMSIL
B A SEB A LL
STADIUM
site.
Why is Olympic Stadium redeveloped?
C onstruction cost - 491 billion won GA N GN A M GU
After 2002 FIFA World cup, the stadium lost it's
Architect - Kim Swoo-geun
significance due to visibility being not good. Since BONGEUN SA RO H I G H WAY
Site Area - 1,44,800 m² / 36 Acres O L Y M B IC
the Stadium held a long history, it was decided to S T A D IU M
Open - September 29, 1984
be remodeled than being demolished. Various
JAMSIL
sculptures commemorating the Seoul A U X IL L A R Y
STADIUM
O lympics have been erected around the
R E S ID E N T IA L
stadium. EN TRY TO AREA
SITE
OLY M P I
C R O H IG SPORTS
HW A Y
COMPLEX -
TO B E
D EV ELOP ED

1988 Summer Olympics 2002 FIFA

World C u p
EN TRY TO
SITE SON GP A GU
Design
Olympic competion
Stadium wasremodeling:
won by Now Dongin
Architecture Office. The construction started in 2021 UPCOMING PROJECT
CONCEPT after this competition and will be completed in 2024. VIEWS
The lines of the stadium's profile imitate the elegant The estimated project cost is more than 280 billion
curves of a Korean Joseon Dynasty porcelain vase. won. For this project is a part of the 1.7 trillion won
Spectator seats are distributed on two tiers, totally Urban Revamp. In addition, nearby Jamsil Baseball
covered. Initially built with a capacity of Stadium and Jamsil Student Gymnasium will be
approximately 100,000, today it seats 69,950. demolished and newly built.
 PARKING
LAYOUT

Translucent polycarbonate roof

Polycarbonate is a high-impact, strong

material, which blocks harmful UV rays.
Its lightweight properties make it
easier to install, aids for transparency
while maintaining durability. Protects
Against Discoloring, Unbreakable.

PLAYERS
FACILITIES

EXISTING PLAN REMODELED

The new stadium bowl design suggest active connection with wide PLAN
vomitory garden concourse concept. Provides green connections,
picture framed views, access to sky decks. The upper bowl is common
space for citizens

DISTRICT
SECTION

PARKING LAYOUT - DROP

OFF

LONGITUDINAL
SECTION
BEIJING O LY M P I C
GREEN
BEIJING, CHIN
A
1 G uojiatiyuchang South Rd,
C haoyang, China, 100101
Beijing Olympic Park
Sasaki provided planning and urban design for the
Olympic Green —the principal venue of the 2008
Beijing Olympics. The proposal is deeply connected to
an environmental ideal that is rooted in the legends
of ancient China and links to the present day through
the contemporary imperative of sustainable
development.
Typology - Arenas, Mixed-use, Sports Venues,
Stadiums
Sporting Activities - Gymnastics, Conferences &
Expos, Events, Swimming, Football, Tennis
Project - 2008 Summer Olympics venues,
Olympic Green
Initiation - December, 2003
Architect - Sasaki was awarded first prize in
International design competition
Site Area - 2,800 acres
Facilities - Cultural Axis, Olympics venues,
Olympic Green, Olympic Park, Olympic village,
Olypic Tower
Sustainable development - Carbon neutrality
include minimising construction by reusing five of
Beijing 2008 venues, using renewable energy to
power all Games venues.
SPORTS VENUES OF THE OLYMPIC
GREEN
The Beijing National Stadium is the centerpiece The Beijing National Aquatics Center will be the
of project. It served as the site of the opening and site of the curling competitions during the 2022
closing ceremonies of the 2022 Winter Olympic Winter Olympics.
s.
The National Convention Center, held fencing
and, the shooting and fencing disciplines of the
modern pentathlon.
The Beijing National Speed Skating Oval is an
arena that was built for the 2022 Winter
Olympics.
The Beijing National Indoor Stadium held artist
ic gymnastics and trampolining events. It was
the main indoor arena used during the Games.
The Olympic Green Tennis Center hosted the
tennis and wheelchair tennis events. It has 16
courts. It opened on O ctober 1, 2007.
Urban design plan for the Olympic Green includes streets
and pedestrian routes that extend from the adjacent
districts through the site and public transit stations.
The design is comprised of three fundamental elements.
The Forest Park
The C ultural
Axis The
O lympic Axis
The Forest Park is an area of land north of the central
Olympic Green conceived of as an ideal paradise from
which Chinese civilization emerged many millennia ago.
The park is a sculpted landform of hills, forests, and
meadows. Existing bodies of water are reformed into
Dragon Lake.
The Cultural Axis is an extension the axis some 5
kilometers through the Olympic Green site. The scale of the
axis is monumental to emphasize its significance and
concludes with a powerful simplicity in the hills of the
Forest Park.
The Olympic Axis is set against the Cultural Axis at an
acute angle. The Olympic Axis begins at the existing
Asian Games stadium and extends northwest through
the National Stadium, continuing onward to a Sports
Heroes Garden. The Olympic Axis terminates at the
Memorial of Olympic Spirit.
BEIJING NAT IONAL STADIUM Seating
Besides athletics, the stadium also hosts
NATIONAL STADIUM SOUTH
other games like football and numerous
BEIJING, CHIN
ROAD, DESIGN ceremonies. The Bird’s Nest stadium covers
A The design is revolving on the nests of birds, not solely an area of about 258 thousand square
aesthetically but also at a structural level. The entire structure, meters and accommodates 80,000
visible from the outside, mirrors the branches of the nests that permanent seats and 11,000 short-term
working together with each other achieve unimaginable seats.
resistance to the elements.
S tadium Form
To achieve the optimum design, the team worked out the The stadium has a saddle-shaped roof
sightlines, the bowl geometry, airflow to keep the grass in good with
the major axis being 332.3 meters long
condition, seismic studies and the design of the external and the stub axis being 296.4 meterse
envelope. long. The highest point of the stadium
Beijing National S tadium is
Also known as the Bird's Nest, designed for 68.5 meters above the ground. The roof is
use
throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and covered sunshine
allows with a transparent
to penetrate, material,
Paralympics. It was used again in the 2022 Winter thus
which
facilitating lighting of the stadium.
Olympics and Paralympics. The Bird's Nest sometimes
To ensure a compact and optimum design, Arup’s sports architects established the design for the
has temporary large screens installed at the stands.
seating bowl first, with the outer façade wrapping around it. The design ensures that all spectators
ROOFING are as close as possible to the action and have clear sight lines. Seemingly random, the pattern
Location - C haoyang, Beijing, Chi
The stadium comprises a seven-storey wall made of concrete. abides by complex rules for which advanced geometry was defined.
na Typology - Multi purpose
Stadium Capacity - 80,000 The roof of the stadium and the steel structure are not intact. SITE PLAN
Field size - 110 x 75m Nevertheless, the two share a common foundation. The facade O LY M P I C
FOREST
Project - 2008 Summer Olympics follows crucial geometrical rules and comprises 36 kilometers BEIJING P A RK N

venues of unpacked steel. O L Y M P IC

PA R K
C onstruction cost - C N¥2.3 EN TR Y TO

billion Two layers of transparent ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) EN TR Y TO

S T A D IU M
S T A D IU M

Architect - Herzog & de Meuron, ArupSport, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) casing make the stadium’s STAT E GRID
C H A O YA N G

China Architectural Design & Research Group, roof. The ETFE covers the upper part of the roof while the PTFE
O LY M P I C
VILLAGE
B U S IN E S S O F F IC E

Ai Weiwei covers the lower part. In addition, the inner ring’s sidewalls are
Site Area - 258,000 m² / 64 Acres enclosed in a PTFE audio ceiling. PA R K I N G

Open - 28 June 2008

BEIJING
N A T IO N A L G R A N D
STADIUM S K Y L IG H T C A T IC
HOTEL

Centreline geometry definition

PA R K I N G
Most the geometry can be assigned to three categories:
Primary: This comprised the space truss lines and the PA R K I N G

CONCEPT main structural system.

Secondary: This was used to break up the panel size created
EN TR Y TO
Designed to incorporate elements of Chinese art and S T A D IU M

culture. The Stadium is an enormous saddle-shaped by the main structural system to facilitate the cladding EN TR Y TO
S T A D IU M B E IJ IN G O L Y M P IC

elliptic steel structure. The structural form is popularly system panels. Y A N GSH A N
RIVER
P A R K 2
E N T R A N C E

described as a 'bird’s nest', with its pattern inspired Stairs: The access stairs to the top tier of the bowl were TICKET OFFICE

by Chinese-style 'crazed pottery'. integrated into the walls supporting the roof structure.
 The architects’ ambition was to create symbol of China’s
cultural, sporting, and economic renaissance in Olympic
history. The form of the bowl and the distribution of seating
types largely determine all other aspects of a stadium,
including the shape and structure of the roof, the levels and
locations of the concourses and premium facilities, and the
amount of natural light and ventilation reaching the playing
LIKE MOST MODERN STADIA, THE “BIRD’S NEST” WAS
area
DESIGNED INS IDE OUT, BEG INNING WITH THE
BOWL.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Construction of the stadium proceeded in several distinct phases, the first phase involving
the construction of a concrete supporting structure upon the concrete foundations laid
for the construction site.

This was followed by the phased installation of the curved steel frame surrounding the
stadium, which is largely self-supporting. This phased installation involved the
interconnection of sections of the curved steel frame that were constructed in Shanghai
and transported to Beijing for assembly and welding.
OPTIMUM SEATING BOWL
C ONFIG URATION FOR OLYM PIC
The entire structure of interconnected sections was welded together as the primary S TADIUM - M AS TER
M ODE.
PLAN
means of interconnection used to assemble the entire surrounding nest structure. Upon
removal of the supporting columns, the completed nest structure as a whole settled
approximately 27 cm to attain full stability before the interior design and construction of
the stadium could be installed and completed

The steel structure had to be supported by 176 hydraulic jacks during its construction
while the structure was not capable of self-sustainment. Each crane was capable of
holding 300 tons. Later, the hydraulic jacks were removed at once to check the stability of
the structure of the stadium.

The building was standing on 78 supporting columns, evenly spaced ZONING

below the structure and were subjected to 42000 tons of steel
load, making it the largest steel structure in the world. LONG ITUDINAL
Flouro-Carbon polymer transparent sheets were used to fill up S EC TIONS
the spaces between the steel structural members.

INFERENCE G REEN FEATURES

Aside from the structural advantages provided by steel, it has
the added benefit of being easily recyclable, and thus ties in
with focus on sustainable design, and the driving principles of
biometric design.
The ETFE panels serve to protect spectators from the elements
and provide acoustic insulation, while allowing sunlight to
filter through to feed the natural grass field
Openings in the façade allow natural ventilation as air filters
through the public concourse, into the stadium, and eventually
vents through the central opening in the roof structure.
As China is surrounded by some of the deadliest fault lines,
the stadium had to be earthquake proof. The building
structure of Beijing Olympics stadium had to pass vigorous
seismic tests S EC TION ALONG NORTH -
Dividing the concrete building structure of Beijing stadium S OUTH
into 6 parts was the key to safety. Being isolated, each part
could move flexibly and independently in earthquake so that
it could absorb the energy by its free movement, instead of
being broken into pieces by this energy.
Every seat was designed to be as close to the action as
possible. No seat was more than 142m from the center of the
stadium S EC TION ALONG EAS T -
WES T
 Conectivity
M . . A. . Road networks connecting to the stadium Bells Road (West),
S T A D IU M Evolution Of S tadium
Victoria Hostel Road (East) and Walajah Road (North)
Nearest Railway station - C hepauk Railway Station 0.3 Km away
TAMIL NADU,
C H I D
INDIA.
A M B A R A InInM
1859, Madras Presidency acquired Chepauk palace in an auction for ₹589,000.
1865, the government gave permission to build a pavilion at the palace grounds
(East) Nearest Airport - Chennai International Airport 13.5 Km away
(South West)
to Madras Cricket Club.
The Marina Beach is 1.2 Km away from the stadium to the (East)
The pavilion was finished in 1866.
The pavilion was reconstructed in 1892 and was utilized till 1982 when it was
Climatology
demolished as part of the stadium renovation.
Chennai - average daytime max temperature 32°C, The average
C hepauk Stadium was established in 1916.
mini temperature 25°C. Topographically, the project area is a flat
terrain
Form and Function
The renovated form is climate responsive with a series of twelve stands.
The sea-breeze is then able to flow through the horizontal gap between
the lower terrace and the upper stands, through the vertical gaps
between the stands and across the playing surface. Stands on the
CHEPAUK PALACE M. A. western edge of the site allow greater air flow from the east. A green
CHIDAMBARAM STADIUM
belt development is proposed for 17,000 Sq.M which is 22% of total site
area
Renovation
M.A. CHIDAMBARAM STADIUM - ANATOMY
In June 2009, reconstruction work of the stadium was taken up at the cost of ₹175
Wallajah Road, Chepauk, Chenn
ai, Tamil Nadu, India crore. FLOODLIGHT - a large, powerful light, typically one
The plan consisted of constructing three new reinforced concrete stands designated I, of several used to illuminate ground, For most of
M.A. Chidambaram Stadium J, and K accommodating 12,000 spectators and 24 hospitality boxes. practice and Non-televised Matches 250 to 350 lux
Also known as the Chepauk Stadium, is a cricket The renovation was completed in 2011 and the old roofing with pillars that often are used, which is sufficient for players to have mild
stadium in Chennai. Established in 1916, it is the blocked the view in the old stadium were replaced by light quad conical roofing held competition among the team members. The
second oldest cricket stadium in the country after together by cables. The stadium can currently accommodate 50,000 spectators. professional matches require 500 to 750 lux.
Eden Gardens in Kolkata. Formerly known as The stands are at a gradient of 36° and lets the sea breeze in to get the ground's
Madras Cricket Club Ground, the stadium is traditional swing back.
named after M. PITCH - The playing area, the dimensions and the
A. Chidambaram Chettiar, former president of BCCI SITE type of pitches are defined by the standards of
and Head of TNCA. More than the records, Chepauk PLAN WA
LL
AH
JA
Laws of Cricket - rectangular area of the ground
22 yards. The surface here is completely dry and
H R

atmosphere and the crowd, reputed to be the most M IX E D U S E D

R D
A REA dusty soil.

EL
knowledgeable and appreciative in the country. M A C

ST
B

HO
S T A D IU M
D I R E C T O R AT E
Typology - Cricket Stadiums

RIA
TUR TLES OF
S W I M H O R T IC U L T U R E

TO
Sporting Activities - Cricket.
SCHO O L

VIC
G RANDS TAND - the main seating
Project - Chepauk palace pavilion renovation stand,
A M

commanding the best view for spectators is

N R

into stadium covered

by tensile membrane. Each grandstand is a massive
I V A
C IA

CH EP A UK
Initiation - 1916
E

G J

PALACE
28m span between each supporting column, The
M IX E D U S

S A B U J A

Architect - HopkinsArchitects, London

COM M E R

I
A REA

shade canopies are 3 separate structures on each

L A
A REA

BA

and Nataraj & Venkat Architects, of the different parts stadium.

Chennai were contracted by the
Tamil Nadu Cricket Association. Site Area -
C
R

CANOPY - the Stadium has lightweight roof with a

M
IC

752,000 square feet

L

K
D

minimalist steel support structure. PTFE

E
R C

O N
T
A LU

C ost - ₹138 crore

S

polytetrafluoroethylen membrane are used. Optimal

TI

TAMIL NADU
S TAAY
B

IL W U K

Seating Capacity
Sustainable - 50,000 - Advanced Solar
development P U B L IC W O R K S
DEPARTMENT for the high daily temperatures of Chennai. The
EP A

Passive Techniques are employed to achieve T E N N IS

Tensile fabrics have optimal tension and strength
CLUB

energy efficiency
CH
R A

within each panel.

STADIUM FABRICATION STAIRCASE
LAYOUT A biaxial stretch test The various levels of a tower is connected through
N was performed on the Dog-legged staircase with a wall as partition.
batch of fabric used on These staircase has wide span of landing and mid-
this project. The shape landing to give the crowd free access through the
of each panel was connectivity.
based on the test
made on
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
fabric's tension along the warp. The shape of each panel was TFE was chosen as it has excellent solar reflectance
ensured optimal tension and strength within each panel. The (up to 70%) to survive the high daily temperatures
process of testing tensile strength in fabric is the ISO 14001 of Chennai. Day-time temperatures can reach
Quality certification. 45°C in Chennai and so extensive translucent
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
fabric roof structures provide shade over the
The structural system stands.
consists of major steel
It also is very resistant to UV, perfect for long cricket test matches often
columns from which
played at the ground. The result of the project is a long lasting design
steel beams and
that will continue to be relevant for decades to come.
cables are Cable tie
supported.
systems suspend S TEEL S UPPORT
critical Local steel was used along with local steel
steel elements and pull up point for the membrane. As the entire fabrication. Cables were sourced from China and
structure is a combination of different time of extensive imported into India in order to minimize delivery
construction. The entire
structural system in structure
order toallows for adjustment in the
accommodate time for the tight schedule. Membrane was
construction tolerances in India. Sheerfill 2 and was selected for durability and
strength under high wind loads. canopies that
feature cabling or
wiring that helps provide crucial support to a building structure
by
tensioning in the membrane system.

THE G RANDS TAND PROJEC T INFERENCE

The Chepauk Stadium Grandstand project was to provide shade for spectators The proposal of Greenbelt Development was aimed to provide open
of India’s second oldest cricket stadium. The aim was to provide a lightweight spaces and to be used for other non-building purposes
roof for the cricket ground with a minimalist steel support structure. This Stadium is Elliptical in plan in a rectangular plot leaving behind
short time frame also meant prefabricated building components were used and triangular coners for landscape
COLLABORATION To minimize building energy consumption, conventional energy-
adjustability to allow for supporting grandstand construction tolerances. The
The structure was a collaboration between architects in Great efficient devices, mechanical and electrical pumps, fans, lighting
shade canopies are 3 separate structures on each of the different parts
Britain, engineers in Australia along with the client, installers, and fixtures are used.
stadium
fabricators in India. The membrane schedule calls for yearly The stadium has efficient envelope, appropriate amounts of
inspections by local authorities as well as yearly cleaning of the fenestration, increased day lighting design, and thermal mass. The
membrane surface. basic idea of passive solar design is to allow daylight, heat, and
airflow into a building.
Architect: Nataraj Venkat & Associates There is a storm water drainage systems are designed for rainfall
Structural Engineer: Sterling Engineering Consultancy Services intensity of 100 mm/hr. All pipes are made of PVC for vertical drain.
& Lightweight Structures Association of AustralAsia person and studied
LIVE C AS E S TUDY
on 05.08.2022 by
The stadium
Sharon Rose J was visited
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium is the home ground of the Tamil Nadu cricket in
Sharon Sherani
team and the Indian Premier League team Chennai Super Kings franchise
D Yasvant
based in Chennai
Kumar K
BHARATHI EVOLUTION OF THE STADIUM
SPORTS VENUES OF BHARATHI SPORTS
SPORTS STADIUM AUTHORITY
TAMIL NADU,
INDIA.

Neyveli is a industrial town in the Cuddalore district in the Indian

Football O utdoor Basketball Indoor Basketball state of Tamil Nadu. It is located 62 kilometres (39 mi) inland from
ground C ourt C ourt the Bay of Bengal.

NLC India Limited is a government-owned-fossil fuel miner and

thermal power generator under the ownership of Ministry of Coal,
Government of India. It annually produces about 30 million tonnes
Swimming O utdoor Tennis Indoor Tennis of Lignite from opencast mines at Neyveli in the state of Tamil
Pool C ourt C ourt Nadu

1935 - black particles was discovered by Jambulinga Mudaliar.

Kamaraj Road, Block-10, Neyveli Town
Ship, Tamil Nadu , India
Bharathi Sports Stadium
Neyveli Lignite Corporation runs a Sports Club Board
in order to uphold sport activities in the township.
Bharathi Stadium conducts functions like Republic day
celebration, Independence Day celebration.
Typology - Multi purposr Stadiums
Sporting Activities - Track and field, Football,
Swimming, Baseketball, Tennis, Cricket, Hockey
Project - Sports development for industrial
town NLC India Ltd.,
Initiation - 1982
Site Area - 62 Acres
Stadium Seating Capacity - 20,000
Clubs - , Town club & Lignite City Clubs
The analysis led to the discovery of lignite reserves beneath
Neyveli.
1956 - The Neyveli Lignite Corporation was formed as a
C ricket ground Indoor G ames Room O utdoor
corporate Body by the Government of India.
Hockey C ourt
1962 - The mining of lignite started. The first thermal power
Conectivity
station was commissioned with assistance from the U.S.S.R.
Road networks connecting to the stadium Kamaraj Rd (south), High school Rd (north)
and Town club Rd (east)
1976 - The gallery for public
Nearest Railway station - Vadalur Railway Station 10.4 Km away
meetings
(south) Nearest Airport - Neyveli Airport is situated 3 km (east)
The Stadium is 6.2 Km from Arch gate - Neyveli entrance 1982 - The gallery was developed into
Stadium
SITE
1983 - C onstruction of swimming
PLAN pool
1999 - Extention of the stadium into the school
behind
2012 - New grand stand was built for
dignitaries
2018 - C onstruction of new stage and VIP Lounge
Climatology
Neyveli - temperature hovers around 33°c , and at night it feels
like 25°c. Neyveli gets 127.99mm of rain. It has a tropical savanna
climate.
STADIUM NATIONAL DAY CELEBRATIONS BHARATHI SPORTS STADIUM -
LAYOUT N Independence Day and Republic Day of the Nation are celebrated at Neyveli ANATOMY
with great fervour and enthusiasm. The CMD, NLCIL hoists the National Flag FLOODLIGHT - a large, powerful light, typically one
during Celebrations at Bharathi Stadium, Neyveli. of several used to illuminate ground, For most of
PARKING practice 250 to 350 lux are used, which is sufficient
Other than state level sport competitions, the national holidays are the only for players to have mild competition among the
days the stadium is crowded. School students gather every year on team members.
PARKING

International Yoga day and perform yoga.

T O W N CLUB ROAD
O L D M A IN
ENTRY
PITCH - The playing area, the dimensions and the
type of pitches are defined by the standards of
each sport. Field of play - Grass Pitch

EN TRY
SPORTS ACTIVITIES - WAKABILITY RADIUS GRANDSTAND - the grandstand, a roofed seating
The following are the sport facilities within 2km of walking radius with stand, commanding the best view for spectators.
Township Admin office as centre. this was specially built for the dignitaries to hold
M A IN E N T R Y
National day celebrations.

CANOPY - the Stadium is partially roofed and

K A M A R A J ROAD
partially open. the grandstand, stage, the old entry
are concrete roofed. During events or mass
gatherings, the open spaces are temproarily
STADIUM
covered with palm thatch.
SEATING

PARKING - the Stadium has 1,250 m² open parking

space and 980 m² covered parking space. During
event days, nearby Township Administration parking
The Stadium has precast concrete terrace units - seating decks space is used which is around 3,250 m² open area
spaning the entire stadium yeilding with 20,000 and more seating
capacity.

ADMINISTRATION - the Office of Education Sports

and Culture is incharge for all the events ands
INFERENCE sports conducted in Neyveli. The office holds
records on Players, Championships, Schools and
The planning of all the sports facilities within 2 km of radius turns the
competitions, all cultural activities.
enitre site into a sports hub.
Inclution of indoor games into sports activity and provition of
LIVE C AS E S TUDY
separate block for that is notable
The stadium was visited in person
There are 10 rows of seating with 45cm riser height and 60cm The hostel facility for sports students in a winged block is situated
and
studied on 09.08.2022 by Sharon
tread depth. There is proposal to provide individual plastic seats within the sports hub perimetre. Separate hall for dining is provided.
Sherani D under the guidence of
over the concrete terraces. This seating is used by students to Imparting 3 swimming pools one for beginers, one with varied depths
Mr.Murugan, ADGM, Sports & Mr.Daniel,
display Bharathium during National days. and other of national level practice and competitions.
HR, Education Dept
INDERJIT SINGH STADIUM
LAYOUT
Conectivity
Road networks connecting to the stadium Mohali Stadium Rd
B I N D R A STADIUM (West), Sukhna Path (south). Attawa choa a seasonal stream (North)
Nearest Railway station - Sahibzada Ajeet Singh Nagar 4 Km
N
CHANDIGARH, INDIA.
away (south)
Nearest Airport - Chandigarh International Airport 11.5 Km away
(South West)
The Stadium is 156 Km away from Punjab

Climatology
Chandigarh - Summer max temperature 103°F , Winter mini
temperature 49°F. Topographically, the project area is a flat terrain

MOHALI STADIUM - ANATOMY

FLOODLIGHT - Here floodlights are
unconventional compared to other stadiums, the
light pillars are very low in height. This is to avoid
aircraft from the nearby Chandigarh airport
colliding with light pillars. That is the reason
behind the stadium having 16 floodlights.

Sukhna Path, Sector 63, Sahibzada

Ajit Singh Nagar, Chandigarh, PITCH - The playing area, been known by its lush
India green and reputed for its support to fast bowlers.
It is the liveliest pitch in India. The pitch is
Inderjit S ing h Bindra S tadium
covered by grass too. The distance between the
Popularly referred to as the Mohali Stadium, The
wicket and boundary is 75 yards.
cricketing activities of Punjab Cricket Association
are well spread in the total area of Punjab and Union
Territory of Chandigarh. The stadium is home of
GRANDSTAND - the main seating stand,
Punjab cricket team and Punjab Kings (IPL franchise). SITE commanding the best view for spectators is
The stadium is named after former BCCI president
PLAN concrete roofed. Known as Northern Pavillion is a
& former PCA president Inderjit Singh Bindra.
four floor sloped roofed grandstand connected
N through straight run staircase.
Typology - Cricket Stadiums
Sporting Activities - Cricket.
Project - The Punjab Cricket Association for the
VIP LOUNGE - With reception, conference rooms,
development of the game of cricket in Punjab
the VIP Lounge of the Stadium known as the
Initiation - 1993
terrace pavillion is a three floor AC lounge with
Architect - Ar. Khizir and Associates.
two corporate boxes and one pavillion terrace in
Constrction - R.S. Construction Company based
the south stand.
in Chandigarh
Site Area - 3.85 acres
Cost - ₹ 25 crore
VOMITORY - a passage that allows people to
Seating Capacity - 27,000
enter or leave stadium. This an entrance ways in
Pitch C urator - Daljit Singh
piercing the banks of seats. There are 7
Inauguration - One Day International match
Vomitories in here. The stadium is built in
between India and South Africa during the Hero
Traditional Indian Architecture Style.
Cup on 22 November 1993.