ELEMENTARY

SURVEYING
(LECTURE)

Engr. Dean Carlo A. Lambino

ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS
• Bearing and Azimuth
• Magnetic Declination
• Deflection Angles
ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS
• Bearing and Azimuth
• Magnetic Declination
• Deflection Angles
Bearing
What is Bearing:
In compass surveying, a bearing or angle bearing is an angle reading
that is always measured with respect to N (north) or S (south).
Note:
Forward Bearing:
A -> B
Backward Bearing:
B -> A

Forward bearing and

backward bearing has the
same angle but with opposite
direction.
Azimuth
What is Azimuth:
In compass surveying, an azimuth is an angle reading that is measured
through clockwise direction with respect to south.
Problem 1: Bearing and Azimuth
Convert the following bearing to azimuth:
a. N 75o 20’ W
b. S 38o 40’ E
c. N 62o 15’ E
d. S 60o 15’ W
Problem 2: Bearing and Azimuth
Convert the following azimuth to bearing:
a. 112o 15’
b. 315o 20’
c. 62o 40’
d. 195o 40’
ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS
• Bearing and Azimuth
• Magnetic Declination
• Deflection Angles
Magnetic Declination
What is Magnetic Declination:
It is the angle measured from the magnetic meridian with respect to
true meridian.
Magnetic Declination
Adjusting a Compass for Magnetic Declination:
The compass needle always points toward magnetic north; however,
topographic maps are drawn in reference to true north (north pole). The
difference between magnetic north and true north is called the angle of
magnetic declination, or simple, the declination. Therefore, when using a
map and compass together, an adjustment has to be made for declination.
Magnetic declination not only changes with geographic location, but also
changes slightly over time.
Problem 3: Magnetic Declination
The observed compass bearing of a line in 1981 was S 37°30’ E and the
magnetic declination of the place then was known to be 3°10’ W. Find the
True Azimuth of the line.
Problem 4: Magnetic Declination
A field is in the form of a regular pentagon. The direction of the
bounding side were surveyed with an assumed meridian 5° to the right of the
true north and south meridian. As surveyed with an assumed meridian, the
bearing of side AB is N 33°20’ W. (ABCDE is in clockwise direction)

a. Compute the True Bearing of BC

b. Compute the True Bearing of CD
c. Compute the True Bearing of AE
ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS
• Bearing and Azimuth
• Magnetic Declination
• Deflection Angles
Deflection Angles
What is Deflection Angles:
It is the angle measured in clockwise or counterclockwise with respect
to the prolongation line.
Note:
*If the deflection is to the right
(clockwise)

*If the deflection is to the left

(counterclockwise)

*For any closed traverse in which sides

do not cross one another, the
summation of the deflection angles,
should be equal to 360°.
Problem 5: Deflection Angles
A field is in the form of a regular pentagon. The direction of the
bounding side were surveyed with an assumed meridian 5° to the right of the
true north and south meridian. As surveyed with an assumed meridian, the
bearing of side AB is N 33°20’ W. (ABCDE is in clockwise direction)

a. Compute deflection angle for all side.

Questions and clarifications?