SER PERFORMANCE OF M-ary PAM

 The SER of M-pam modulation is given by SER

 The equation contains the number of amplitudes in a symbol, the bandwidth and the standard deviation. These
values can be used to give the performance of the ser interms of data rate, bandwidth and power efficency.
 Data rate= symbol rate * (bits / symbol). An increase in the data rate can be an effect of increment in either the
symbol rate or the number of bits per symbol or both.
 An increment in the symbol rate causes more symbols to be transferred in the same band as before. Due to this
there would be more error in representing the symbols at the reciever side. Hence the ser performance of M-
pam modulators worsens for an increment in dara rate.
 The range of frequencies for which the modulation is limited in can have an impact on the SER performance by
simply widening and narrowing “the number of allowable paths for the symbols”. The more the number of paths the
less each symbol would have to struggle against another to pass by. Thus the widening of the frequency band
improves the ser performance of an M-ary pam modulator.
 Interms of energy per symbol and noise power the above eqauation can be given by The more power efficient the
modulation process is the lesser the noise incorporated in the signal for a given transmission power of signal. This can
enable the symbols to be too energetic to be affected by small noise signals and enable the symbols to be represented
with less error. Hence the SER performance of M-pam improves for an increment in the power effcency of the system.
 Note that all the above arguments can be justified through numerical methods by manipulating the variables inside
the SER equation. A little inconvience might be encounterd around the increment of the arguments inside the Q
function and the decrement in the SER. But this misunderstanding can be solved by looking at the behaviour of the
Q function, as its value decreases for an increment in its argument.
 SER PERFORMANCE OF BINARY-PAM
 The SER of a binary pam modulation is given by SER
 It is the evaluation of M-ary pam at M=2
 Data rate= symbol rate * (bits / symbol). Only 1 bit can be transmitted per symbol in binary. Hence the data rate is
the symbol rate( the rate of transfer of symbols).
 Thus in binary PAM an increase in the data rate can only occur by an equivalent increment in the symbol rate. This
causes more symbols to be represented for no change in the bandwidth. This worsens the ser performance.
 An increment in the symbol rate causes more symbols to be transferred in the same band as before.
 The range of frequencies for which the modulation is limited in can have an impact on the SER performance by
simply widening and narrowing “the number of allowable paths for the symbols”. The more the number of paths the
less each symbol would have to struggle against another to pass by. Thus the widening of the frequency band
improves the ser performance of a binary pam modulator.
 Interms of energy per symbol and noise power the above eqauation can be given by The more power efficient the
modulation process is the lesser the noise incorporated in the signal for a given transmission power of signal. This can
enable the symbols to be too energetic to be affected by small noise signals and enable the symbols to be represented
with less error. Hence the SER performance of M-pam improves for an increment in the power effcency of the system.
 Note that all the above arguments can be justified through numerical methods by manipulating the variables inside
the SER equation. A little inconvience might be encounterd around the increment of the arguments inside the Q
function and the decrement in the SER. But this misunderstanding can be solved by looking at the behaviour of the
Q function, as its value decreases for an increment in its argument.
 BER PERFORMANCE OF BINARY and M-PAM
 the BER is the probability of representing a faulty bit in the modulation process.
 it is only required to divde the ser of the system by the number of bits contained in the symbol itself. the number of
bits in a symbol are given by where M is the number of possible amplitudes in the bit.
 Thus BER=
 Higher levels of data rate can be achievd by “embedding” more bits in to the symbol. But this would make each bit
to be more tight to its neighbouring bit. Consequently it would be very hard to identify individual bits from a compact
form of bits. Thus the BER performance worsens for an increment in data rate.
 Interms of bandwidth, the more the frequency range widens the more the symbols can travel peacefully and hence
have some more extra rooms to accomodate more bits per symbol without making their rooms as compact as
before. This leads to improvement in the BER.
 The more there is energy per bit in the modulation process the less each bit is suspetible to noise resulting in a
better BER performance.
 BER and SER PERFORMANCE OF PSK AND Q-PSK
 BER= for M, and substitue 4 for QPSK.
 For a PSK system data rate can be increased by either increasing the number of phase shifted symbols or the
number of bits in the symbols. In QPSK there are 4 symbols and each symbol can transmit 4 bits by using 16
different combinations. So an increase in data speed would be possible with an increase in the number of symbols.
 This is bad for the accurate representation of the bits by the system as it can lead to more bits to be
present for the same available bandwidth. It degrades the BER performance.
 Increasing the bandwidth while keeping the number of symbols and the number of bits per symbol creates more
space for both the symbols and the bits decreasing the error in bit representation.
 Empowering the bits in the symbol makes them less suseptible to noice and hence better BER performance.
 SER= * BER
 The SER performance behaves in the same manner as the BER.
BER and SER PERFORMANCE OF BINARY MODULATIONS
BINARY ERROR FUNCTION REPRESENTATION OF SER AND BER

BPSK coherent Q()=0.5 erfc()=0.5 (1-erf())

BASK coherent Q()=0.5 erfc()= 0.5(1- erf())

BFSK coherent Q() =0.5 erfc() =0.5(1- erf())

BPSK non coherent 0.5

BASK non coherent 0.5 + 0.5(1-Q(, T)), EB=E/2

BFSK non coherent 0.5

 BER and SER PERFORMANCE OF M-ary MODULATIONS
MODULATION ERROR FUNCTION REPRESENTATION ERROR FUNCTION REPRESENTATION
OF SER OF BER

PAM =erfc() =0.5 erfc()

=1- erf() =0.5 (1-erf())

QAM =2(1- ) erfc() = erfc()

=1- 2(1- ) erf() =1- erf()

PSK = () =1-(1- ()L) L=

=1- ( =1- ()L
 BER and SER PERFORMANCE OF M-ary MODULATIONS
• Exercises
1. A 4KHz voice signal is amplitude-modulated by a 5Vpp signal
with frequency range of 10KHz. The transmitter can shoot the
signals with 2.603 dbm, which is about 4 times the power of the
initial voice signal. The signal was transmitted through a city where
there is a big market. The recieving station received a signal with
an overall power of 6 times the power of the voice signal(with all
loses considerd). assume that the modulation index is less than 1
and determine the SNR when the demodulator at the recieving
side is
A. An AM coherent detector
B. A DSB-SC coherent detector
 BER and SER PERFORMANCE OF M-ary MODULATIONS
• Exercises
C. An SSB coherent detector
D. An AM envelop detector
2.